tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-29351978743249290252024-02-20T00:29:15.664+08:00*think*SMART:: EDUCATION AND ENTERTAIMENT blog :: Free Download All Contents ::thedfreezehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01513202399201124188noreply@blogger.comBlogger296125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2935197874324929025.post-36822099237364619092013-02-18T13:53:00.001+08:002013-02-18T13:56:12.140+08:00BAZZAR = PEMAKSAAN = DEP KOLEKTOR = RENTENIRSebelumnya saya mengingatkan kembali bahwa "kebebasan bersuara adalah HAM dan diatur di UUD"<br />
<br />
BAZZAR!! BAZZAR!! Lagi-lagi BAZZAR!!<br />
masih aja dapet bazzar!! kalau gini jadi pengen cepet lulus!! biar bisa bilang " MAKAN TU BAZZAR!! " <br />
<br />
kok kayaknya cetek bgt ya otak orang2 yang cuma bisa ngandelin bazzar buat ngumpulin dana buat acaranya.. (otak lu, lu pke apee?? lu musiumin ya?? biar terkenal kayak einstein??)<br />
Lu kan udah diangkat jadi penggede, seharusnya otak lu juga harus gede buat mikirin hal yang kayak gini, jgn ngeberatin orang lain donk.. <br />
memangnya udah gak ada cara lain gitu??<br />
buat proposal pengajuan dana ke ke swasta kek, buat pentas seni kek, acara amal kek, apa kek..<br />
<br />
yah bisa dibilang mereka mau ngambil gampangnya aja ya buat ngumpulin dana tanpa harus bersusah payah muter otak nguras tenaga buat ngumpulin dana!! dan tanpa harus keluar kocek mereka sendiri KALEE ya!! (mereka=orang-orang dalem acara).<br />
Menu bazzar juga standar amat!! nasi lauk bir!! HELOOO!! udah gtu mesti ngambil sendiri pula!!<br />
<br />
udah deh segitu ajee dulu.. gue capek.. Uang juga ud bakal melayang!! DAN GUE PENGEN CEPET LULUS BIAR BISA BILANG : MAKAAAN TUHH BAZZAR!!!<br />
<br />
sekian dan terima kasih <br />
<br />
<br />
<span class="”fullpost”">
</span><div class="blogger-post-footer">Terimakasih telah mengunjungi blog ini..
Sangat menerima kritik dan saran untuk kemajuan blog ini..
Silakan meninggalkan komentar di box komentar..</div>thedfreezehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01513202399201124188noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2935197874324929025.post-30008126225439454562012-11-25T12:26:00.003+08:002012-11-25T12:26:25.730+08:00Review artikel : Formulation and Evaluation of pH-triggered In Situ Gelling System of Levofloxacin<!--[if !mso]>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Pengaruh pH pada sediaan tetes mata</span></b><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Idealnya pH
sediaan tetes mata harus ekuivalen dengan cairan mata, yaitu 7,4. Dalam
pemilihan pH perlu yang dipehatikan yaitu pH optimum untuk kestabilan zat aktif
dan bersifat inert. Untuk mencapai pH tersebut dapat ditambahkan agen pendapar
dan perlu diperhatikan kesesuaian dan kestabilannya. Bila digunakan sistem
dapar, dimana pemilihan dapar tidak menyebabkan presipitasi atau menurunkan
aktivitas zat aktif (WHO, 2003). Dapar digunakan dalam suatu larutan untuk mata
karena beberapa alasan antara lain: untuk mengurangi ketidaknyamanan pasien,
untuk menjamin kestabilan obat, dan untuk mengawasi aktivitas terapetik bahan
obat (</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Ansel,
2008</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">). Zat pendapar dapat digunakan dapar yang
cocok dengan pH 6,5 dan dibuat isotonis dengan menggunakan natrium hidroksida
secukupnya (DepKes RI, 1979). </span><br />
</div>
Air mata mempunyai kapasitas dapar tertentu.
Penggunaan obat mata akan merangsang pengeluaran air mata dan penetralan cepat
setiap kelebihan ion hidrogen atau ion hidroksil dalam kapasitas pendaparan air
mata. Jika hanya satu atau dua tetes larutan yang mengandung <br />
<a name='more'></a>obat tersebut
diteteskan pada mata, pendaparan oleh air mata biasanya cukup untuk menaiikan
pH sehingga tidak terlalu merangsang mata. <span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Dalam beberapa hal, pH dapar berkisar antara
3,5 dan 8,5 (DepKes RI, 1995). Bila pH sediaan terlalu asam dapat menyebabkan
iritasi dan bila terlalu basa dapat menyebabkan tumbuhnya mikroorganisme.</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Dalam jurnal formula sediaan
tetes mata menggunakan zat aktif levofloxacin dengan variasi konsentrasi
carbopol dan HPMC, pH sediaan yang ingin dicapai adalah berada pada rentang
6,0-6,4 dimana rentang ini diinginkan pada formulasi mata dengan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">in situ gelling agent</i> (</span><span style="color: #1f1a17; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Sathali <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">et al</i>, 2011</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">). Pada rentang pH tersebut zat aktif
(levofloxacin) dalam keadaan stabil dan kelarutannya meningkat. Kelarutan
levofloxacin konstan (200 mg/mL) pada rentang pH 2 sampai 5, sehingga
levofloxacin larut sempurna pada rentang ini. Pada pH lebih dari 5,5
kelarutannya meningkat cepat sekitar 300 mg/mL sampai mencapai maksimum pada pH
6,5. Sementara pada pH lebih dari 6,5 kelarutannya menurun dan mencapai nilai
minimum (sekitar 30 mg/mL) pada pH sekitar 7,5 (Koeppe <i>et al</i>, 2011).
Oleh karena itu pH sediaan tidak dibuat melebihi pH 6,5. Untuk mengatur dan
mempertahankan pH optimal tersebut ditambahkan agen pendapar. Salah satu tujuan
pendaparan larutan obat mata adalah untuk mencegah kenaikan pH yang disebabkan
pelepasan lambat ion hidroksil dari wadah kaca (DepKes RI, 1995). Dalam
formulasi, yang berfungsi sebagai dapar adalah Dinatrium Hidrogen Fosfat (Na<sub>2</sub>HPO<sub>4</sub>).
</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Pemilihan dapar ini dapat memberikan suatu pH berkisar
antara 5,9-8,0 (Ansel, 2008). Oleh karena itu dapar ini dipilih karena mampu
menghasilkan pH yang diinginkan dalam sediaan tetes mata tersebut. Selain itu
larutan Na<sub>2</sub>HPO<sub>4 </sub>bersifat stabil, dapat disterilisasi
dengan autoklaf (Rowe <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">et al</i>, 2009)
dan inert dengan bahan lain yang digunakan. Selanjutnya dilakukan evaluasi pH<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i>dengan pH meter<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i>dan diperoleh</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> hasil pengukuran pH sebagai berikut: </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 2.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Tabel 1.
Hasil pengukuran pH</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-no-proof: yes;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Dari tabel
tersebut dilihat pengaruh pH terhadap kapasitas gel yang dihasilkan. Kapasitas
gel yang paling tinggi dihasilkan dalam Formula 1, 3, dan 5 dengan pH 6,0-6,2.
Perbedaan hasil pembentukan kapasitas gel ini dipengaruhi oleh perbedaan
konsentrasi penambahan gelling agent yaitu carbopol dan jenis HPMC. Perbedaan
penambahan gelling agent in situ tersebut dapat dilihat dalam tabel di bawah
ini:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: #1f1a17; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tabel 2. Formulasi Sediaan Tetes Mata
Sistem Gel yang Dibuat</span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 74.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid black; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid black; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.5pt;" valign="top" width="150"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span style="color: #1f1a17; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Bahan (%b/v) </span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">F1</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">F2</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.5pt;" valign="top" width="54"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">F3</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">F4</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .6in;" valign="top" width="58"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">F5</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">F6</span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.5pt;" valign="top" width="150"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #1f1a17; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Carbopol 940</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #1f1a17; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">0,5</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #1f1a17; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">0,25</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.5pt;" valign="top" width="54"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #1f1a17; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">0,5</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #1f1a17; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">0,25</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .6in;" valign="top" width="58"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #1f1a17; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">0,5</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #1f1a17; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">0,25</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.5pt;" valign="top" width="150"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #1f1a17; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">HPMC-K4M</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #1f1a17; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">0,6</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #1f1a17; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">0,6</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.5pt;" valign="top" width="54"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">-</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">-</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .6in;" valign="top" width="58"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">-</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">-</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.5pt;" valign="top" width="150"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #1f1a17; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">HPMC-E50LV</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">-</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">-</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.5pt;" valign="top" width="54"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #1f1a17; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">1,5</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #1f1a17; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">1,5</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .6in;" valign="top" width="58"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">-</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">-</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.5pt;" valign="top" width="150"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #1f1a17; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">HPMC-E15LV</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">-</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">-</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.5pt;" valign="top" width="54"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">-</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">-</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .6in;" valign="top" width="58"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">1,5</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">1,5</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Pembentukkan
kapasitas gel yang baik/ tinggi terlihat pada rentang pH 6,0-6,2 bila digunakan
penambahan carbopol 940 dengan konsentrasi 0,5 % b/v. Terbentuknya gel
disebabkan oleh adanya gelling agent kombinasi antara carbopol dan HPMC dan
dipengaruhi oleh pH sediaan yang berbeda dengan pH cairan mata. Carbopol adalah
polimer poliacrilic acid (PAA) yang dalam larutan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">aqueous </i>dapat berubah menjadi gel apabila terjadi peningkatan pH
atau pKa sekitar 5,5 (</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Gupta and <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Vyas, 2010</span>). Sediaan tetes</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> mata
levofloxacin dalam formulasi ini mempunyai rentang 6,0-6,2, setelah
diaplikasikan pada mata pH tersebut akan dinaikkan oleh cairan mata dimana
cairan mata mempunyai pH yang lebih tinggi yaitu 7,4 sehingga sediaan yang
telah diteteskan akan berubah dari cairan menjadi gel. Kemampuan menaikkan pH
ini terjadi karena air mata mempunyai kapasitas dapar tertentu dan cenderung
membuat benda asing yang masuk dinetralkan atau dibuat sesuai dengan kondisi
fisiologisnya dengan tujuan tidak terlalu merangsang mata. Bentuk ini akan
berada lama dalam konjungtiva dan memberikan pelepasan yang lepas lambat serta
dapat meningkatkan bioavailabilitas zat aktif.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Selain dilihat
dari kapasitas terbentuknya gel, hasil evaluasi sediaan juga melihat
penampilan, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">clarity</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> (kejelasan)</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i>dan persentase kandungan obat. Dari pengujian yang diperoleh pada
jurnal bahwa sediaan pada formula 1 yang menunjukkan pH sediaan 6,0 mempunyai
hasil yang baik, dimana selain kapasitas pembentukkan gelnya yang baik,
penapilan sediaan yang berwarna kuning terang juga sesuai dengan pemerian dari
zat aktif. Levofloxacin berwarna kuning sampai kuning </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">terang
(Moffat <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">et al</i>, 2005). Disamping itu <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">clarity</i> sediaannya <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">clear </i>dan persentase kandungan obatnya mendekati 100% yaitu 99,72%,
dimana hasil ini lebih besar dibandingkan Formula 3 dan 5 yang menggunakan
penambahan konsentrasi carbopol dan kapasitas terbentuknya gel sama, yang
membedakan adalah pH sediaan yang diperoleh.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Untuk mengetahui pH yang optimal digunakan dalam formulasi sediaan
dari 3 formulasi yang kapasitas terbentuk gelnya baik maka dihitung % ionisasi
zat aktif levofloxacin (pKa 5,5) pada pH tersebut yaitu pH 6,0-6,2, dimana
hasil perhitungan sebagai berikut :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 76.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">pH 6,0</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 76.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">% ionisasi <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>=
</span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-text-raise: -9.0pt; position: relative; top: 9.0pt;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>x 100%</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 76.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">= </span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-text-raise: -9.0pt; position: relative; top: 9.0pt;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>x 100%</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 76.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 76.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>=
75,98 %</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 76.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 76.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">pH 6,1</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 76.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">% ionisasi <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>=
</span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-text-raise: -9.0pt; position: relative; top: 9.0pt;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>x 100%</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 76.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">= </span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-text-raise: -9.0pt; position: relative; top: 9.0pt;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>x 100%</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 76.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 76.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>=
79,92 %</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 76.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">pH 6,2</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 76.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">% ionisasi <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>=
</span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-text-raise: -9.0pt; position: relative; top: 9.0pt;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>x 100%</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 76.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">= </span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-text-raise: -9.0pt; position: relative; top: 9.0pt;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>x 100%</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 76.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 76.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>=
83,37 %</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Hasil %
ionisasi tertinggi pada pH 6,2 sehingga pH tersebut dikatakan optimal untuk
formulasi sediaan dengan in situ gelling agent. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengaruh
Konsentrasi Zat Penambah Viskositas<span style="color: red;"> </span>terhadap
Pelepasan Obat dan Penampilan Sediaan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk membuat sediaan <span style="color: #1f1a17;">dengan sistem geling in situ</span>, perlu ditambahkan
bahan penambah viskositas. <span style="color: #1f1a17;">Sistem </span></span><span class="longtext"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">In Situ</span></i></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Gelling </i></span></span><span style="color: #1f1a17; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">dalam pembuatan tetes mata<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>melibatkan kombinasi polimer yang dapat menunjukan fase transisi
sol-to-gel (Kavitha <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">and</i> Rajas, 2011).
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span class="longtext"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Dalam teknologi formulasi sediaan steril khususnya sediaan tetes mata telah
ditemukan sebuah p</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">endekatan baru</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"> yaitu sistem <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">In Situ</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Gelling </i>pada
tetes mata. Sistem ini mencoba </span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">untuk menggabungkan
keunggula</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">n</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"> dari </span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">dua bentuk sediaan yaitu larutan dan gel.</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"> </span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Sediaan ini berbentuk larutan yang akan
mengalami </span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">gelasi segera ketika kontak dengan</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">mata.</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"> </span></span><span class="longtext"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">In Situ</span></i></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Gelling </i></span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">pembentuk hidrogel </span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">merupakan larutan yang secara bertahap</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"> men</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">galami </span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">fase transisi di</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"> </span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">ocular (mata) untuk membentuk
gel viskoelastik. Sistem penghantaran obat tetes mata ini dibuat dari polimer
yang menunjukkan fase transisi reversibel (sol ke gel). </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span class="longtext"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">In Situ</span></i></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Gelling
</i>dapat diformulasikan sebagai suatu bentuk sediaan cair yang cocok untuk <span style="background: white;">meningkatkan waktu kontak pre-kornea dan meningkatkan
bioavailabilitas ocular dibandingkan dengan sediaan</span> <span style="background: white;">tetes mata </span>konvensional <span style="background: white;">serta dapat ditoleransi lebih baik oleh pasien daripada penggunaan
sisipan atau salep mata. </span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 58.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 13.5pt;">
<span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Keuntungan dalam</span></span><span class="longtext"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"> </span></i></span><span class="longtext"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">In
Situ</span></i></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Gelling </i>yaitu</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">:</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 58.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Umumnya lebih nyaman
daripada </span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">sisipan mata yang</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"> tidak larut atau larut.</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"> Tidak menimbulkan gangguan penglihatan </span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">dibandingkan dengan</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"> penggunaan </span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">salep.</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 58.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span class="longtext"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Peningkatan
bioavailabilitas karena </span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">waktu </span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">kontak dengan okular lebih lama.</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 58.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span class="longtext"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Penurunan</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">drainase nasolacrimal
obat</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"> </span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">karena</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">penyerapan sistemik dari
obat melalui saluran nasolakrimal berkurang.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 4.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(Preetha <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">et al, </i>2010)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<span class="longtext"><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Menurut metode yang digunakan
untuk menimbulkan perubahan fase transisi dari <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">sol ke<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>gel</i> pada permukaan
mata, </span></span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">dapat
digunakan<span class="longtext"> jenis sistem gelasi antara lain: </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 58.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span class="longtext"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">pH Triggered <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">In Situ</span> Gelation</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 58.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<span class="longtext"><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Bahan-bahan yang dapat
digunakan dalam sistem ini antara lain, Selulosa Asetat Ftalat (CAP) lateks,
Carbopol, Polymethacrilic Asam (PMMA), Polietilen glikol (PEG), dan
pseudolatexes. Polyacrilic acid (Carbopol 940) digunakan sebagai<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>agen pembentuk gel dalam kombinasi dengan
Hidroksipropilmetilselulosa (Methocel E50LV) yang bertindak sebagai suatu agen
untuk meningkatkan viskositas. Formulasi dengan sistem </span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">pH Triggered <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">In
Situ</span> Gelation</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"> dapat meningkatakan efikasi </span><span class="longtext"><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">terapi, stabil, non-iritan
dan memberikan</span></span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"> <span class="longtext">pelepasan obat berkelanjutan selama
jangka waktu lebih lama daripada </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span class="longtext">tetes mata konvensional. Contoh lain seperti selulosa asetat
ftalat contoh (CAP) merupakan polimer yang mengalami koagulasi ketika pH asli
larutan (4,5) ditingkatkan menjadi 7,4 oleh air mata.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 58.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span class="longtext"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></span><span class="longtext"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Temperature</span></i></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"> Triggered <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">In
Situ</span> Gelation</span></i></div>
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<span class="longtext"><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Bahan-bahan yang dapat
digunakan dalam sistem ini antara lain, kitosan, pluronics, tetronics,
xyloglucans, selulosa atau hidroksipropilmetil hypromellose (HPMC). Sistem ini
dirancang untuk menggunakan </span></span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span class="longtext">Poloxamer sebagai vehicle untuk menghantarkan obat tetes mata
menggunakan pembentukan sistem in situ</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"> gel<span style="background: white;">. Suhu
gelasi kopolimer<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dapat ditentukan dengan
mengukur suhu di mana imobilitas meniskus di setiap larutan harus diketahui
terlebih dahulu. Bioadhesive dan panas pembentuk gel dari kopolimer<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>diharapkan menjadi pembawa obat yang <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>baik untuk dapat menghantarkan obat secara
berkelanjutan </span>ke permukaan mata. <span style="background: white;">Contoh
lain yaitu poloxamer-407 (a polyoxyethylenepolyoxypropylene blok kopolimer,
Pluronic F- 127 ®) adalah polimer dengan viskositas larutan yang meningkat
ketika suhu mata ditingkatkan.</span></span></span></div>
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<span class="longtext"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Ion</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">‐</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Activated
Systems (Osmotically Induced Gelation)</span></i></div>
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<span class="longtext"><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Bahan-bahan yang dapat
digunakan dalam sistem ini antara lain gelrite, gellan, hyaluronic acid, dan
alginat. Alginat (Kelton) digunakan sebagai </span></span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span class="longtext">gelling agen dalam
kombinasi dengan HPMC (Methocel E50Lv) yang bertindak sebagai agen peningkat
viskositas. </span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Gelrite gellan gum, merupakan</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"> <span class="longtext"><span style="background: white;">vehicle tetes
mata yang dapat melebur dengan adanya kation mono atau divalen, cairan
lachrymal dapat digunakan sendiri dan dalam kombinasi dengan natrium alginat
sebagai <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">gelling agent</i>.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">UV induced gelation</span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Solvent exchange induced gelation</span></i></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 8;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b><span class="longtext"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">(Rathore, 2010)</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Preetha, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">et
al </i>(2010), formulasi sediaan tetes mata natrium diklofenak </span><span style="color: #1f1a17;">sistem gelling in situ dibuat dengan kombinasi beberapa
polimer seperti: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">hydroxyl propyl methyl
cellulose</i> (HPMC), <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">hydroxyl propyl
cellulose</i> (HPC), <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">hydroxyl ethyl
cellulose</i> (HEC), dan carbopol. Mohanambal (2011) dalam jurnalnya juga
menggunakan kombinasi carbopol, HPMC-K4M, HPMC-E50MV, HPMC-E15LV dalam
formulasi sistem geling in situ sediaan tetes mata levofloxacin. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Carbopol
(Carbomer/ Acrypol/ <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Acrylic acid polymer</i>)
940</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengandung tidak kurang dari 56,0 % dan tidak lebih
dari 68,0 % <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Acrylic acid </i>(-COOH)
(USP, 2007). Carbopol digunakan sebagai material bioadesif; agen <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">controlled release</i>; agen pengemulsi,
rheologi modifier, agen pensuspensi. (Rowe <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">et
al, </i>2009).<span style="color: #231f20;"> Sebagai gelling agen, carbopol
digunakan dalam rentang</span> 0,5-2,0 % (Rowe <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">et al, </i>2009).</span></div>
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<span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Carbopol digunakan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dalam formulasi sediaan larutan sebagai </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">rheologi
modifier. Secara terapetis, formulasi carbopol ternyata terbukti memiliki
efikasi dalam menyembuhkan gejala dari sindrom mata kering dari sedang hingga
parah (Rowe <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">et al, </i>2009).</span></div>
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<span style="color: #1f1a17; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #1f1a17; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hydroxyl propyl methyl cellulose (HPMC)/ Hypromellose</span></b></div>
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<span style="color: #1f1a17; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">HPMC </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">digunakan
sebagai material bioadesif, agen pendispersi, agen <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">substained release</i>, agen peningkat viskositas. <span style="color: #1f1a17;">Hypromellose pada konsentrasi antara 0,45-1,0% dapat
ditambahkan sebagai <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">thickening agent</i>
dalam sisitem penghantaran sediaan tetes mata dan sediaan cairan/air mata
buatan </span>(Rowe <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">et al, </i>2009).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">HPMC terbagi atas
beberapa tipe dan masing-masing tipe tersebut memiliki viskositas yang berbeda.
Perbedaan tersebut dapat dilihat dari tabel dibawah ini:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tabel 3. Perbedaan Viskositas
Tipe-tipe HPMC</span></div>
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<span style="color: #1f1a17; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">
</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(Rowe
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">et al, </i>2009).</span></div>
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<span style="color: #1f1a17; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengaruh
konsentrasi carbopol dan HPMC dalam formulasi sediaan tetes mata levofloxacin dengan
sistem gel in situ dapat dilihat dari hasil pengujiaan sediaan. Adapun
formulasi yang digunakan dalam pengujian dapat dilihat dari tabel dibawah ini:</span></div>
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<span style="color: #1f1a17; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Tabel
4. Formulasi Sediaan Tetes Mata Sistem Gel yang Dibuat</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">
</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk melihat pengaruh perbedaan
konsentrasi carbopol dan HPMC, dilakukan dengan cara menguji keenam formula
diatas pada beberapa parameter, antara lain:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>kapasitas gel, pelepasan obat, rheologi, dan aktivitas antimikroba.
Berdasarkan uji yang dilakukan, kapasitas gel yang lebih baik ditunjukan oleh
formula F1, F3, dan F5 karena memiliki kemampuan gelasi segera dan dapat
digunakan untuk <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">extended period</i>.
Kapasitas gel yang lebih baik ditunjukan oleh formulasi yang mengandung
carbopol sesuai dengan rentang penggunaannya sebagai <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">gelling agent</i> menurut Rowe <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">et
al </i>(2009), yaitu 0,5-2,0%. Sebaliknya pada formula F2,F4, dan F6 yang
menggunakan carbopol dengan konsentrasi berada dibawah rentang yang
dipersyaratkan, sehingga sediaan yang dihasilkan memiliki kapasitas gel yang
lebih rendah.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Profil pelepasan obat menunjukan
bahwa F3 memberikan efek <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">sustained
release </i>yang lebih baik diantara semua formulasi termasuk formula F1, F5,
maupun sediaan tetes mata yang telah dipasarkan. Profil pelepasan obat yang
berbeda dari masing-masing formulasi tidak terlepas dari pengaruh perbedaan
viskositas sediaan akibat penggunaan komposisi dan jenis zat penambah
viskositas yang berbeda. Profil pelepasan F3 setelah dibandingkan dengan produk
tetes mata pasaran berturut-turut menunjukan nilai 12,49% dan 24,04 % setelah
15 menit pemberian awal dan pelepasan mencapai 32,86% dan 99,05% berturut-turut
setelah dua jam pemberian, atau sistem gel in situ ini diperkirakan dapat
menghasilkan produk <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">sustained release </i>dengan
waktu pelepasan obat hingga 8 jam.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hasil diatas menunjukan bahwa
terjadi perlambatan proses pelepasan obat secara signifikan dengan penggunaan
sistem geling in situ dengan penambahan polimer carbopol 940 sebanyak 0,5% dan
HPMC E50LV sebanyak 1,5%. Meskipun formula F3 menggunakan carbopol dengan
konsentrasi yang sama dengan formula F1 dan F5, akan tetapi campuran
dengan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>HPMC E50LV ternyata mampu
menyebabkan profil pelepasan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">substained release</i> yang lebih baik<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dibandingkan penggunaan <span style="color: #1f1a17;">HPMC-K4M dan HPMC-E15LV. </span>Rowe <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">et al </i>(2009) menyatakan bahwa p<span style="color: #1f1a17;">enggunaan
2%b/v </span>HPMC E50LV membentuk sediaan dengan viskositas<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>50 mpa, sedangkan <span style="color: #1f1a17;">HPMC-K4M
dan HPMC-E15LV berturut-turut membentuk sediaan </span>dengan viskositas 4000
dan 15 mpa; Atau berdasarkan perhitungan matematis, penggunaan HPMC E50LV
sebanyak 1,5% dalam formula F3 menunjukan nilai viskositas sebesar 37,5 mpa,
sedangkan penggunaan <span style="color: #1f1a17;">HPMC-K4M 0,6% dan HPMC-E15LV
1,5% pada formula F1 dan F5 menunjukan nilai viskositas berturut-turut 1200 dan
11,5 mpa. </span>Menurut Mohanambal <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">et al</i>
(2011), formulasi sistem geling insitu sebelum terbentuk gel harusnya
memberikan viskositas sebesar 5-1000 mpa dan setelah terbentuk sistim
sol-to-gel di mata, viskositas menjadi kira-kira 50-50.000 mpa.Oleh karena itu
Formula F3 memberikan profil pelepasan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">sustained release</i> yang lebih baik
dibandingkan formula F1 dan F5 karena sesuai rentang viskositas sediaan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">pre-use</i> yang dipersyaratkan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Uji rheologi sediaan dilakukan dengan
menggunakan viscometer Brookfield (LVDV Pro II) menggunakan spindel S18.
Viskositas dari seluruh formulasi berada pada rentang 3-107 cps dengan tipe
aliran pseudopastik. Sebagian besar sediaan farmasi, termasuk gom alam dan
sintetik lainnya misalnya disperse cair dari tragakan, natrium alginate, metal
selulosa dan karboksimetil selulosa, menunjukan aliran pseudoplastis (Martin,
2009).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dari keseluruhan hasil uji diatas,
diketahui bahwa viskositas memegang peranan penting dalam mengontrol pelepasan
obat dari sediaannya. Dimana ketika konsentrasi polimer yang digunakan
meningkat, pelepasan obat menurun dan sebaliknya, ketika konsentrasi polimer
diturunkan maka pelepasan obat justru menjadi meningkat.</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">BAB III</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">KESIMPULAN</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PH yang cocok untuk sistem gel in situ
yang cocok adalah 6,0 – 6,4. Namun pH yang paling optimal yaitu pada pH 6,2</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Viskositas memegang peranan penting
dalam mengontrol pelepasan obat dari sediaannya. Dimana ketika konsentrasi
polimer yang digunakan meningkat, pelepasan obat menurun dan sebaliknya, ketika
konsentrasi polimer diturunkan maka pelepasan obat justru menjadi meningkat. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Formula F3 memberikan profil
pelepasan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">sustained release</i> yang paling baik, dimana formula ini terdiri dari
</span><span style="color: #1f1a17; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Carbopol 940 : HPMC-E50LV (0,5:1,5 %w/v)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"></span></b></div>
<div class="blogger-post-footer">Terimakasih telah mengunjungi blog ini..
Sangat menerima kritik dan saran untuk kemajuan blog ini..
Silakan meninggalkan komentar di box komentar..</div>thedfreezehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01513202399201124188noreply@blogger.com9tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2935197874324929025.post-71857636992560423302012-11-24T13:27:00.002+08:002012-11-24T13:27:23.402+08:00Artikel : Leukemia Limfatik Akut/ALL<span class="”fullpost”">
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-language: TH; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Leukemia</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-language: TH; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sel darah terbentuk dari pembelahan dan pendewasaan sel
induk yang mampu memperbaharui diri yang berada pada sumsum tulang dan
menumbuhkan sel-sel pendahulu dengan tujuan mematangkan sel-sel pendahulut
tersebut. Dengan cara ini, pada orang dewasa tiap harinya dapat terbentuk
rata-rata 10<sup>11</sup> granulosit, 2x10<sup>11</sup> trombosit dan 2x10<sup>11</sup>
eritrosit. Produksi sel darah menunjukkan secara permanen besarnya aktivitas.
Karena jangka hidup sel darah terbatas, sumsum tulang harus bekerja secara
maksimal (Wagener <i>et al.</i>, 1996).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-language: TH; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Leukemia merupakan salah satu jenis kanker dimana terjadi
proliferasi dan pendewasaan salah satu sel induk sumsum tulang atau sel
pendahulu yang keluar dari aturan. Sel induk yang mengalami transformasi
maligna ini menumbuhkan keturunan sel dengan berbagai kelainan. Sel-sel yang
menumpuk ini menentukan ciri-ciri klinis leukemia. Dalam perjalanan penyakit
sel-sel ini mengganggu pembuatan sel darah normal, sehingga dapat menimbulkan
kekurangan darah, granulositopenia dan trombositopenia (Wagener <i>et al.</i>,
1996).</span></div>
<a name='more'></a><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-language: TH; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Secara umum, ada 2 jenis leukemia yaitu leukemia kronis
dan leukemia akut. Leukemia akut terbagi lagi menjadi Leukemia Mieloid Akut/AML
dan Leukemia Limfatik Akut/ALL (Wagener <i>et al.</i>, 1996).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-language: TH; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada leukemia akut, terdapat peningkatan jumlah sel darah
putih maupun defek dalam pendewasaannya. Anamnesis tidak spesifik dan terutama
menyatakan keluhan-keluhan malaise sejak satu atau beberapa minggu. Adapun
gejala-gejala klinik dapat merupakan akibat insufisiensi sumsum tulang antara
lain :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-language: TH; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-language: TH; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pucat, lesu dan dispnoe karena kurang
darah</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-language: TH; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-language: TH; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Febris, infeksi saluran nafas bawah dan
atas</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-language: TH; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-language: TH; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perdarahan spontan, purpura, perdarahan
gusi, menoragia, epistaksis dan kadang-kadang perdarahan dalam sebagai akibat
dari trombositopenia.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-language: TH; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Selanjutnya keluhan dapat timbul sabagai akibat infiltrasi
organ oleh leukemia, kelainan metabolik seperti hipokalemia, hiperkalsemia
(terutama pada T-ALL), kenaikan kadar asam urat dalam serum atau insufisiensi
ginjal. Dalam hal jumlah sel darah putih yang sangat tinggi (hiperleukositosis
100x10<sup>9</sup> per liter atau lebih) dapat timbul perdarahan retina dan
dapat terjadi thrombosis dalam saluran arterial sebagai akibat leukostasis,
yang menyebabkan kejadian cerebrovaskular dan infark (Wagener <i>et al.</i>,
1996).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-language: TH; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tujuan utama terapi adalah perbaikan insufisiensi hemopoetik
yang pada umumnya terdapat dalam fase akut leukemia. Dalam hal ini diusahakan
untu remisi komplit yaitu suatu situasi yang tidak lagi dapat ditemukan sel-sel
leukemia dalam aspirat sumsum tulang atau dalam material biopsi sumsum tulang
pada pemeriksaan mikroskopik. Hemopoesis dalam rongga sumsum tulang kembali
baik dan sel-sel darah perifer mengalami regenerasi sampai nilai-nilai normal
(Wagener <i>et al.</i>, 1996).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-language: TH; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Untuk menangani leukemia, adapaun terapi yang diberikan
adalah dengan menggunakan <i>watchful waiting, chemotherapy, targeted therapy,
biological therapy, radiation therapy, and stem cell transplant </i>(Anonim a,
tt). Pada ALL ada digunakan vinkristin, prednisone dan asparaginase.
Masing-masing dari obat ini mempunyai aktivitas antileukemik dan mempunyai
tempat yang tetap dalam penanganannya (Wagener <i>et al.</i>, 1996).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-language: TH; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">LLA pada Anak</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-language: TH; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dari anak yang menderita kelainan maligna, 30-35%
menderita salah satu bentuk leukemia, proliferasi autonom sel darah putih, yang
kebanyakan menampakkan diri dengan pertambahan sel abnormal dalam darah
perifer. Leukemia pada anak lebih banyak terjadi pada anak laki-laki. Pada bayi
yang baru lahir dan menyusui juga dapat dijumpai leukemia namun biasanya berupa
tipe myeloid akut (Wagener <i>et al.</i>, 1996).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-language: TH; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Meskipun sebab leukemia tidak diketahui, namun beberapa
faktor yang berperan dalam terjadinya leukemia antara lain faktor lingkungan,
virus, faktor genetik dan imunodefisiensi. </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-language: TH; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Anak-anak yang menderita leukemia, 95% merupakan bentuk akut dan 5%
merupakan leukemia kronik. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-language: TH; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dan anak-anak penderita leukemia akut
tersebut, 80% mempunyai bentuk limfatik (Wagener <i>et al.</i>, 1996).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-language: TH; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gejala klasik leukemia biasanya ditandai dengan timbulnya
anemia, leucopenia dan trombositopenia. Anak tampak pucat dan lelah.
Periode-periode demam sering merupakan manifestasi infeksi yang berulang.
Inflamasi yang tidak sembuh dengan baik kadang-kadang merupakan gejala pertama
leukemia akut. Selain itu, pada rongga mulut dan tenggorokan juga sering
terjadi infeksi. Gejala fisik lain yang menjadi ciri dari leukemia akut adalah
perdarahan, gangguan pada tulang yaitu timbulnya rasa nyeri pada malam hari
pada punggung, lengan dan tungkai, pembengkakan kelenjar dan hepatosplenomegali
(Wagener <i>et al.</i>, 1996).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-language: TH; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pemeriksaan sumsum tulang mutlak diperlukan untuk
diagnosis. Dalam fase inisial biasanya dijumpai sejumlah besar sel leukemia
dalam preparat sumsum tulang. Selain itu, pemeriksaan menggunakan metode
May-Grunwald-Giemsa, pengecatan sitokimia dan pemeriksaan imunologik dapat
digunakan untuk menegakkan diferensiasi tipe leukemia (Wagener <i>et al.</i>,
1996).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-language: TH; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Seperti yang telah disebutkan di atas, sebagian besar
leukemia yang diderita oleh anak merupakan LLA (<i>Leukemia Limfoblastic Acute</i>)
maupun LMA (<i>Leukemia<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Mieloid Acute</i>),
namun kadang-kadang ada penderita yang sel leukemianya hanya mengalami sedikit
diferensiasi sehingga tidak dapat dimasukkan dalam salah satu kategori di atas
(LLA atau LMA). Dalam hal ini, dinamakan leukemia sel induk. Namun penderita
seringkali dianggap mengalami leukemia akut sehingga terapi yang diberikan
adalah terapi leukemia limfatik akut. Namun bila terapi tidak berhasil, maka
terapi dirubah menjadi terapi leukemia mieloid akut (Wagener <i>et al.</i>,
1996).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-language: TH; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Di samping pemeriksaan gambaran darah lengkap, sumsum
tulang dan likuor, perlu juga dilakukan pemeriksaan fungsi organ dan ginjal dan
mekanisme pembekuan. Pemeriksaan rontgen tulang dapat menunjukkan prubahan
osteolitik. Pada foto toraks dapat terlihat pembesaran kelenjar hilus (Wagener <i>et
al.</i>, 1996).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">2.4 Tata Laksana Terapi</span></b></div>
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<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Terapi untuk ALL (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Acute Lymphoblastic
Leukemia</i>) secara historis dibagi menjadi tiga fase yaitu fase induksi
remisi (remission induction), fase terapi konsolidasi (consolidation therapy),
dan terapi pemeliharaan (maintenance therapy). Profilaksis sistem saraf pusat
(SSP) adalah komponen wajib dari setiap rejimen pengobatan ALL dan diberikan
longitudinal selama fase induksi dan konsolidasi. Terapi pasca-remisi
diperlukan untuk mengobati penyakit mikroskopis dan termasuk terapi rawat inap
intensif (konsolidasi atau terapi intensifikasi) diikuti dengan terapi rawat
jalan non-agresif (maintenance atau kelanjutan) (DiPiro, 2005).</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;"><img height="268" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/User/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" width="455" /></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gambar 1. Algoritma
terapi untuk ALL dan AML (DiPiro, 2005)</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Induksi
Remisi (Remission Induction)</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tujuan dari induksi remisi adalah untuk
menimbulkan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>remisi klinis dan hematologi
lengkap secara cepat. Tingkat CR (complete remission) adalah 97% sampai 99%
pada anak-anak yang diobati dengan vincristine, Dexamethasone atau prednison,
dan asparaginase atau PEG-asparagase. Pada anak-anak dengan risiko tinggi ALL,
daunorubisin ditambahkan ke tiga standar jenis obat induksi. Remisi dicapai
dalam 72% sampai 92% pada orang dewasa dengan daunorubisin atau doxorubicin,
vincristine, dan prednisone. Karena sebagian besar orang dewasa dianggap
berisiko tinggi, orang dewasa biasanya menerima induksi rejimen remisi lebih
intensif. Beberapa studi menunjukkan bahwa dosis tinggi Methotrexate dan
sitarabin bergantian dengan siklofosfamid difraksinasi ditambah vincristine,
doxorubicin, dan Dexamethasone (hiper-CVAD) dapat meningkatkan respon dan
kelangsungan hidup pada orang dewasa dengan ALL. Namun, pengobatan ini mungkin
terkait dengan toksisitas cerebellar signifikan. Dosis tinggi siklofosfamid
dapat diindikasikan untuk pasien dengan ALL T-cell (DiPiro, 2005).</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Beberapa ahli menyarankan bahwa
kegagalan pengobatan ALL di masa anak-anak dikarenakan dari pengurangan awal
klon leukemia tidak memadai dan akuisisi resistensi obat oleh limpoblast
residual. Ini adalah dasar banyak percobaan telah memasukkan empat-obat (atau
lebih) dalam rejimen induksi remisi dan intensifikasi agresif atau rejimen
konsolidasi dalam pengelolaan pasien berisiko tinggi. Protokol pengobatan
kebanyakan menambah daunorubisin untuk induksi pada ALL berisiko tinggi, dan
beberapa juga menambahkan agen lain, seperti siklofosfamid, methotrexate,
sitarabin, dan teniposide. Tingkat klirens dari pembelahan sel darah<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>merupakan faktor prognostik yang penting.
Anak-anak dengan tingkat klirens pembelahan sel darah<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dari sumsum tulang lambat dalam terapi hari
ke-7 pertama (berisiko tinggi) atau hari ke-14 (resiko standar) memiliki<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>hasil terapi yang lebih rendah daripada
mereka yang dengan klirens bentukan sel darah. Terapi tambahan secara
signifikan meningkatkan hasil terapi anak dengan respon awal lambat. Prednison
merupakan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>glukokortikoid utama yang
digunakan dalam rejimen ALL pada pediatrik. Dexamethasone sekarang sedang
digunakan dalam beberapa protokol risiko standar karena durasi kerja yang lebih
lama dan penetrasi cairan serebrospinal lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan prednisone.
Dexamethasone, bila digunakan untuk mengganti prednison selama fase induksi dan
pemeliharaan, juga meningkatkan event-free survival (EFS) dan menurunkan risiko
relaps SSP. Namun, Dexamethasone meningkatkan efek samping seperti nekrosis
avascular, miopati steroid, hiperglikemia, dan infeksi (DiPiro, 2005).</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ph <sup>+ </sup>(Philadelphia
chromosome) pada ALL dikaitkan dengan hasil terapi jangka panjang yang buruk,
meskipun ketersediaan imatinib mesilat, terapi bertarget molekuler, telah
mendorong banyak penelitian ke efek obat ini baru pada tingkat kelangsungan
hidup jangka panjang. Sementara respon dapat dilihat dengan imatinib mesilat
sebagai monoterapi, pendekatan ini tidak menghasilkan remisi tahan lama.
Kombinasi hiper-CVAD dan imatinib muncul untuk menghasilkan hasil terapi yang
lebih baik dibandingkan dengan data kontrol historis dengan hyper-CVAD saja,
namun studi tambahan dan tindak lanjut jangka panjang diperlukan untuk
meyakinkan penentuan apakah strategi ini akan menjadi standar baru perawatan di
populasi berisiko tinggi (DiPiro, 2005).</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Profilaksis
Sistem Saraf Pusat (Central Nervous System Prophylaxis) </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Profilaksis SSP (sistem saraf pusat)
mungkin tumpang tindih dengan fase terapi atau dimasukkan ke dalam fase
induksi, konsolidasi, atau pemeliharaan. Alasan untuk dilakukannya profilaksis
SSP didasarkan pada dua pengamatan. Pertama,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>agen kemoterapi banyak yang tidak mudah melintasi penghalang atau
barrier darah-otak. Kedua, hasil dari uji klinis awal ALL menunjukkan bahwa 50%
sampai 75% dari<br />
pasien dengan ALL dan tidak ada keterlibatan SSP saat diagnosa mengalami<br />
tingkat relapse SSP terisolasi yang sangat tinggi. Observasi ini menunjukkan
bahwa SSP adalah tempat perlindungan potensial untuk sel leukemia dan sel-sel
leukemia yang tidak terdeteksi hadir dalam SSP di banyak pasien pada saat
diagnosis. Terdeteksinya keterlibatan SSP pada saat diagnosis relatif jarang
(<10 2005="2005" all="all" di="di" ipiro="ipiro" kasus="kasus" span="span"><!--10--></10></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan
peningkatan risiko keterlibatan SSP di dalam diagnosis pada anak-anak termasuk
WBC count awal yang tinggi, T-sel<br />
fenotipe, B-cell fenotipe dewasa, usia ≤ 1 tahun, trombositopenia,
limfadenopati, dan hepatomegali atau splenomegali. Pada orang dewasa,
faktorresiko untuk penyakit SSP termasuk B-sel ALL fenotipe matang dan
tingginya proporsi sel dalam fase S (indikator pergantian selular) (DiPiro,
2005).</span></div>
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<span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Tujuan dari
profilaksis SSP adalah untuk memberantas sel-sel leukemia tak terdeteksi dari
SSP. Meningitis leukemia lebih mudah dicegah daripada diobati. Setelah kekambuhan
SSP telah terjadi, pasien berada pada peningkatan risiko tinggi kekambuhan
sumsum tulang dan kematian dari refraktori leukemia. Uji coba awal pada ALL
pedriatri tahun 1960 menetapkan iradiasi kraniospinal sebagai standar untuk
pencegahan relapse (kekambuhan) SSP. Namun, pendekatan ini dikaitkan dengan
dampak jangka panjang termasuk gejala sisa defisit neuropsikologi, pubertas
prekoks, osteoporosis, tiroid disfungsi, peningkatan insiden tumor otak,
perawakan pendek (gangguan pertumbuhan), dan obesitas. Percobaan berikutnya
telah menunjukkan bahwa iradiasi dapat digantikan dengan pemberian kemoterapi
intratekal frekuensi tinggi pada anak-anak dengan ALL. Pemilihan rejimen
profilaksis SSP harus mempertimbangkan efektivitas, toksisitas, dan risiko
penyakit SSP (DiPiro, 2005).</span></div>
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<span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Kemoterapi
intratekal, iradiasi kranial, dan methotrexate atau sitarabin dosis tinggi
secara intravena dapat digunakan untuk mengobati atau<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>mencegah penyakit SSP. Pendekatan pengobatan
telah mengurangi kekambuhan SSP menjadi kurang dari 2% pada anak-anak. </span><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">Terapi intratekal terdiri dari Methotrexate dan sitarabin
sendiri atau dalam kombinasi. </span><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Ketika
diberikan bersama-sama, hidrokortison biasanya ditambahkan untuk mengurangi
kejadian<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dari arachnoiditis. Dosis
kemoterapi intratekal yang digunakan pada pasien ALLpediatrik harus individual
berdasarkan usia karena perbedaan volume cairan serebrospinal pada berbagai
usia. Karena dengan gejala sisa jangka panjang yang terkait dengan iradiasi
kranial atau craniospinal, hanya anak-anak di diagnosis dengan penyakit SSP
atau yang berisiko tinggi tertentu saja yang menerima terapi ini di Amerika
Serikat (DiPiro, 2005).</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Terapi
Konsolidasi (Consolidation Therapy)</span></div>
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<span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Konsolidasi</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
<span class="hps">(</span>atau <span class="hps">intensifikasi</span>) <span class="hps">terapi</span> <span class="hps">ALL</span> <span class="hps">dimulai</span>
<span class="hps">setelah</span> <span class="hps">CR</span> (complete remission) <span class="hps">telah dicapai</span>, <span class="hps">dan mengacu pada</span> <span class="hps">kemoterapi intensif</span> <span class="hps">dalam upaya untuk</span> <span class="hps">menangani penyakit</span> <span class="hps">klinis</span> yang <span class="hps">tidak terdeteksi</span>. <span class="hps">Rejimen pengobatan biasanya
menyertakan </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span class="hps">obat
non</span><span class="atn">-cross-</span>resisten <span class="hps">yang berbeda</span>
<span class="hps">dari</span> <span class="hps">rejimen</span> <span class="hps">induksi</span>,
<span class="hps">atau<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>penggunaan</span> <span class="hps">obat yang sama</span> dengan <span class="hps">dosis</span> <span class="hps">lebih</span> <span class="hps">intensif</span>. <span class="hps">Percobaan
acak</span> <span class="hps">menunjukkan bahwa</span> <span class="hps">terapi
konsolidasi</span> <span class="hps">jelas</span> <span class="hps">meningkatkan</span>
<span class="hps">hasil terapi pasien</span> <span class="hps">anak-anak</span>, <span class="hps">namun</span> <span class="hps">manfaatnya</span> <span class="hps">pada
orang dewasa</span> <span class="hps">kurang</span> <span class="hps">jelas.
Manfaat</span> <span class="hps">relatif dari</span> <span class="hps">masing-masing
komponen</span> <span class="hps">rejimen pengobatan</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"> </span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">sulit</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
<span class="hps">untuk </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">dit</span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">unjukkan</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
<span class="hps">karena kompleksitas</span> <span class="hps">keseluruhan</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"> </span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">terapi pada</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span><span class="hps"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">ALL</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">.
<span class="hps">Terapi konsolidasi</span> <span class="hps">dalam</span> <span class="hps">rejimen</span> <span class="hps">Jerman</span> <span class="hps">mirip
dengan</span> <span class="hps">rejimen induksi remisi</span>, <span class="hps">tapi</span>
<span class="hps">menggunakan</span> <span class="hps">Dexamethasone</span> <span class="hps">untuk</span> pengganti <span class="hps">prednison (</span>karena <span class="hps">lebih baik</span> dalam <span class="hps">penetrasi</span> <span class="hps">SSP</span> <span class="hps">untuk mencegah</span> <span class="hps">meningitis</span>
<span class="hps">leukemia</span>), <span class="hps">doxorubicin</span> <span class="hps">untuk</span> <span class="hps">daunorubisin</span>, <span class="hps">dan</span>
<span class="hps">thioguanine</span> <span class="hps">untuk</span> <span class="hps">mercaptopurine. Kanker dan Leukemia</span> <span class="hps">Grup</span>
<span class="hps">B</span> <span class="hps">(</span>CALGB) <span class="hps">menggunakan</span>
<span class="hps">rejimen</span> <span class="hps">konsolidasi</span> <span class="hps">jauh lebih</span> <span class="hps">rumit daripada</span> <span class="hps">rejimen induksi</span>. <span class="hps">Yang terakhir ini</span> <span class="hps">termasuk</span> <span class="hps">obat yang berbeda</span> <span class="hps">dan</span> <span class="hps">dosis yang lebih tinggi</span>, <span class="hps">setidaknya untuk</span> <span class="hps">dosis siklofosfamid </span>(DiPiro,
2005). <span class="hps"></span></span></div>
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<span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Para</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
<span class="hps">peneliti Jerman menemukan</span> <span class="hps">durasi</span> <span class="hps">kelangsungan hidup</span> pasien <span class="hps">rata-rata</span> <span class="hps">27,5</span> <span class="hps">bulan dan</span> <span class="hps">diperkirakan</span>
<span class="hps">5</span><span class="atn"> </span>tahun. <span class="hps">Dengan</span>
<span class="hps">waktu</span> <span class="hps">tindak lanjut</span> <span class="hps">pendek</span> <span class="hps">(</span>median : <span class="hps">43</span>
<span class="hps">bulan</span>), <span class="hps">penelitian</span> <span class="hps">CALBG</span> <span class="hps">menunjukkan</span> <span class="hps">durasi</span>
<span class="hps">bertahan hidup</span> <span class="hps">36</span> <span class="hps">bulan</span> <span class="hps">dan</span> <span class="hps">3</span> <span class="hps">tahun</span> <span class="hps">tingkat kelangsungan hidup</span> dari <span class="hps">39</span>% <span class="hps">mereka</span> yang berusia <span class="hps">30 sampai</span> <span class="hps">59</span> <span class="hps">tahun</span>.
<span class="hps">Hasil</span> <span class="hps">studi ini menunjukkan</span> <span class="hps">bahwa fase</span> <span class="hps">konsolidasi</span> <span class="hps">dalam
terapi</span> ALL pasien <span class="hps">dewasa</span> <span class="hps">diperlukan</span>,
<span class="hps">meskipun</span> <span class="hps">pertanyaan spesifik</span> <span class="hps">tetap</span> <span class="hps">tentang obat</span>, <span class="hps">durasi</span>
<span class="hps">pemilihan</span> <span class="hps">terapi</span>, <span class="hps">dosis</span>, <span class="hps">dan waktu</span> <span class="hps">administrasi
</span>(DiPiro, 2005). </span></div>
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<span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada anak-anak</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">,
<span class="hps">intensitas</span> <span class="hps">terapi konsolidasi</span> <span class="hps">didasarkan pada</span> <span class="hps">risiko</span> <span class="hps">klasifikasi
anak</span> <span class="hps">dan</span> <span class="hps">tingkat</span> <span class="hps"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">cytoreduction</i></span> <span class="hps">selama induksi</span>. <span class="hps">Pasien yang</span> <span class="hps">merespon</span> <span class="hps">perlahan ke</span> <span class="hps">terapi
induksi</span> <span class="hps">berada pada</span> <span class="hps">risiko yang
lebih tinggi</span> mengalami ke<span class="hps">kambuhan</span> <span class="hps">jika mereka tidak</span> <span class="hps">diperlakukan</span> <span class="hps">pada</span> <span class="hps">rejimen</span> yang <span class="hps">lebih
agresif</span>. <span class="hps">Salah satu strategi pengobatan adalah</span> <span class="hps">untuk memasukkan satu</span> <span class="hps">atau dua</span> <span class="hps">fase</span> <span class="hps">intensifikasi</span> <span class="hps">tertunda</span>
yang <span class="hps">dipisahkan oleh</span> <span class="hps">siklus</span> <span class="hps">interim</span> <span class="hps">pemeliharaan</span> <span class="hps">intensitas
rendah</span> <span class="hps">untuk mempertahankan</span> <span class="hps">remisi
dan</span> <span class="hps">untuk mengurangi</span> <span class="hps">toksisitas</span>
<span class="hps">kumulatif</span>. <span class="hps">Strategi ini</span> <span class="hps">menghasilkan</span> <span class="hps">6</span><span class="atn"> </span>tahun
<span class="hps">EFS</span> <span class="hps">dari</span> <span class="hps">76</span>%
<span class="hps">untuk</span> <span class="hps">intensifikasi</span> <span class="hps">tertunda</span> <span class="hps">tunggal dan</span> <span class="hps">83</span>%
untuk<span class="hps">dua siklus</span> <span class="hps">dalam</span> <span class="hps">pasien berisiko</span> <span class="hps">menengah. Studi saat ini</span>
<span class="hps">sedang menguji</span> <span class="hps">rejimen</span> yang sama <span class="hps">dalam </span>pasien<span class="hps"> </span>berisiko<span class="hps">
standar</span>. <span class="hps">Rejimen</span> <span class="hps">berbasis
antimetabolit</span> <span class="hps">mungkin memiliki</span> <span class="hps">penurunan
risiko</span> <span class="hps">toksisitas, tapi</span> <span class="hps">rejimen</span>
<span class="hps">konsolidasi</span> <span class="hps">intensif</span> <span class="hps">menghasilkan</span> <span class="hps">kelangsungan hidup</span> <span class="hps">yang lebih baik</span> <span class="hps">untuk beberapa</span> <span class="hps">pasien</span>, <span class="hps">khususnya mereka yang</span> <span class="hps">berisiko tinggi</span> terkena <span class="hps">penyakit </span>(DiPiro,
2005). </span></div>
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<span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Studi</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
<span class="hps">saat ini</span> <span class="hps">dirancang untuk</span> <span class="hps">melanjutkan</span> <span class="hps">penilaian</span> <span class="hps">intensitas</span>
<span class="hps">konsolidasi</span> <span class="hps">yang dibutuhkan</span> <span class="hps">untuk pasien dengan</span> <span class="hps">berbagai tingkat</span> <span class="hps">risiko dan</span> <span class="hps">untuk menentukan apakah</span> <span class="hps">methotrexate</span> <span class="hps">harus diberikan</span> <span class="hps">secara oral</span> <span class="hps">atau</span> <span class="hps">intramuskular</span>
<span class="hps">karena masalah</span> <span class="hps">kepatuhan pasien</span>. <span class="hps">Anak-anak dengan</span> <span class="hps">ALL Ph</span> <span class="hps">+</span> <span class="hps">atau</span> <span class="hps">bayi dengan</span>
<span class="hps">t</span> <span class="hps">(</span>4; <span class="hps">11</span>) <span class="hps">keturunan</span> <span class="hps">campuran</span><br />
<span class="hps">leukemia</span> <span class="hps">(</span>MLL), <span class="hps">atau</span>
<span class="hps">anak yang hanya</span> <span class="hps">mencapai</span> <span class="hps">remisi parsial</span> <span class="hps">ditransplantasikan</span>
sumsum tulang belakang <span class="hps">di</span> <span class="hps">remisi</span> <span class="hps">pertama jika</span> tersedia <span class="hps">donor yang cocok.</span>
<span class="hps">Pada orang dewasa</span>, <span class="hps">indikasi</span> <span class="hps">untuk transplantasi</span> <span class="hps">kurang</span> <span class="hps">jelas</span>, <span class="hps">tetapi jika</span> <span class="hps">pasien</span>
<span class="hps">tidak terlalu tua</span>, <span class="hps">dan</span> <span class="hps">donor yang cocok</span><span class="atn"> (</span>saudara <span class="hps">alogenik)</span> <span class="hps">tersedia</span>, <span class="hps">banyak</span>
<span class="hps">pusat pengobatan</span> <span class="hps">akan merekomendasikan</span>
<span class="hps">transplantasi <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">alogenik</i></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> <span class="hps">hematopoietic stem</span> <span class="hps">cell</span></i> <span class="hps">(</span>alloHSCT) <span class="hps">di
remisi pertama</span>. <span class="hps">Sel induk</span> <span class="hps">autologous</span>
<span class="hps">transplantasi</span> <span class="hps">hematopoietik</span> <span class="hps">(</span>autoHSCT) <span class="hps">belum terbukti</span> <span class="hps">lebih unggul</span> daripada <span class="hps">kemoterapi</span>. <span class="hps">Haploidentical</span> <span class="hps">dan</span> <span class="hps">transplantasi</span>
<span class="hps">darah</span> plasenta <span class="hps">sedang diselidiki</span> <span class="hps">karena banyak pasien</span> <span class="hps">tidak</span> <span class="hps">memiliki donor</span> <span class="hps">saudara</span> <span class="hps">cocok</span>
<span class="hps">yang tersedia </span>(DiPiro, 2005).</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Terapi Pemeliharaan (Maintenance Therapy)</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Banyak pasien ALL dewasa kambuh sesaat
setelah selesainya induksi remisi dan terapi konsolidasi, mungkin karena
penyakit sisa. Terapi pemeliharaan memungkinkan paparan jangka panjang obat
pada sel yang perlahan membagi, memungkinkan ada waktu untuk sistem kekebalan
tubuh untuk membasmi sel-sel leukemia, dan mempromosikan apoptosis (kematian
sel terprogram). Tujuan dari terapi pemeliharaan untuk lebih memberantas</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">sel leukemia residual dan
memperpanjang durasi remisi. Meskipun terapi pemeliharaan jelas menguntungkan
di ALL masa anak-anak, manfaat yang mungkin pada orang dewasa baru-baru ini
telah ditunjukkan. Di beberapa kasus ALL pada dewasa, percobaan yang melibatkan
induksi dan konsolidasi, namun fase pemeliharaan dihilangkan, DFS (disease-free
survival) 2 tahun lebih rendah dibandingkan dengan uji coba yang
mengikutsertakan fase pemeliharaan. Terapi pemeliharaan biasanya terdiri dari
mercaptopurine dan methotrexate, pada dosis yang menghasilkan myelosupresi
relatif sedikit, dengan pengobatan intermiten dari vincristine dan steroid.
Dalam upaya untuk menentukan hasil jangka panjang dari durasi dan intensitas
terapi pemeliharaan, Grup Kolaborasi ALL Anak menerbitkan temuan dari
meta-analisis yang melibatkan 12.000 anak acak dari 42 percobaan dimulai
sebelum 1987. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa pemeliharaan lebih lama, terapi
vincristine dan prednisone, dan masuknya satu atau dua program reinduction intensif
secara signifikan mengurangi jumlah kematian atau kekambuhan. Namun, hanya
reinduction intensif meningkatkan kelangsungan hidup. Durasi optimal terapi
pemeliharaan pada orang dewasa tidak diketahui, namun sebagian besar program
pengobatan melanjutkan terapi pemeliharaan selama 24 sampai 36 bulan.
Berdasarkan hasil penelitian yang menunjukkan kecenderungan peningkatan
kekambuhan akhir antara anak-anak laki-laki dirawat selama 2 tahun dibandingkan
3 tahun, beberapa pusat memperlakukan anak perempuan selama 2 tahun, sementara
laki-laki menerima perawatan selama 3 tahun. Keputusan tentang terapi
pemeliharaan pada orang dewasa juga didasarkan pada subtipe pasien ALL. Orang
dewasa dengan ALL pra-B-sel umum mendapat manfaat dari terapi pemeliharaan
konvensional dengan Methotrexate dan mercaptopurine, sementara mereka dengan
ALL B-sel atau ALL Ph+ mungkin mendapatkan manfaat yang lebih besar dari
induksi intensif dan konsolidasi dan sedikit dari maintenance (pemeliharaan)
(DiPiro, 2005).</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Variabilitas interpatient dalam
farmakokinetik oral Methotrexate dan mercaptopurine juga dapat menjadi penentu
penting dari efektivitas dan toksisitas dari terapi pemeliharaan. Pasien yang
mendapat Methotrexate oral dan mercaptopurine pada malam hari dibandingkan
dengan pagi tampaknya memiliki outcome superior. Untuk menjelaskan variabilitas
interpatient, protokol yang penting pada pediatrik adalah titrasi dosis agen
untuk mempertahankan jumlah neutrofil mutlak 750 sampai 1.500 / mm<sup>3</sup>.
Beberapa protokol menghindari masalah bioavailabilitas dan kepatuhan dengan
pemberian methotrexate parenteral (DiPiro, 2005). </span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Polimorfisme genetik dapat mempengaruhi
metabolisme obat, ekspresi reseptor, transportasi obat, disposisi obat, dan
respon farmakologi. Perubahan ini dapat berkontribusi terhadap toksisitas akut
dan kronis dari terapi ALL serta perbedaan dalam hasil pengobatan. Polimorfisme
paling banyak dipelajari melibatkan metabolisme thiopurine. Thiopurine yang
aktif oleh S-metilasi oleh <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">thiopurine
celular methyltransferase</i> (TPMT). Sekitar 10% dari populasi memiliki
perantara TPMT karena polimorfisme heterozigot dalam pengkodean gen aktivitas
untuk TPMT, dan satu diantara 300 orang memiliki aktivitas yang sangat rendah
karena kehadiran polimorfisme homozigot ini. Defisiensi kegiatan TMPT mengakibatkan
myelosupresi berlebihan dari mercaptopurine dan thioguanine. Pasien dengan
aktivitas rendah (homozigot genotipe TPMT mutan) mungkin memerlukan 85% sampai
90% penurunan dosis (DiPiro, 2005). </span></div>
<div class="blogger-post-footer">Terimakasih telah mengunjungi blog ini..
Sangat menerima kritik dan saran untuk kemajuan blog ini..
Silakan meninggalkan komentar di box komentar..</div>thedfreezehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01513202399201124188noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2935197874324929025.post-12470790609880488372012-11-24T13:21:00.000+08:002012-11-24T13:21:09.772+08:00Review Jurnal : “Pola Distribusi Alotip Gen Polymeric Immunoglobulin Receptor (PIGR) pada Penderita Karsinoma Nasofaring (KNF) di Indonesia” <span class="”fullpost”">
</span><br />
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Karsinoma nasofaring (KNF) adalah tumor
ganas yang tumbuh di daerah nasofaing dengan predileksi di fosa Rossenmuller
dan atap nasofaring. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">KNF merupakan penyakit genetik
multifaktor dengan karakteristik endemik. Tingginya insiden KNF di
Negara-negara Asia <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>menimbulkan dugaan
bahwa faktor genetik ikut berperan dalam patogenesis penyakit. Catatan dari
berbagai rumah sakit di Indonesia menunjukkan bahwa KNF menduduki urutan keempat
setelah kanker leher rahim, payudara, dan kulit. Selain faktor ras, makanan
(makanan yang diawetkan, difermentasi, dan diasapi) <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>erat kaitannya dalam peningkatan insidensi
KNF. </span></div>
<a name='more'></a>Makanan tersebut dapat meningkatkan kandungan nitrosamine yang dapat
mengkativasi Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) dan menginduksi perkembangan KNF.
Mekanisme EBV masuk ke dalam epitel nasofaring, masih belum jelas, namun
diperkirakan sedikitnya terdapat 2 gen reseptor yang bertanggung jawab. Salah
satunya adalah gen <i>polymeric immunoglobulin receptor </i>(PIGR). Mutasi gen
PIGR diketahui berperan dalam patogenesis KNF di Thailand dan memiliki
distribusi geografis yang berbeda secara signifikan. Oleh karena itu, diduga
perbedaan distribusi genotip dan frekuensi alel gen PIGR juga terjadi pada
populasi di Indonesia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui adanya
polimorfisme gen PIGR dan hubungannya dengan insidensi KNF pada populasi
Indonesia. <br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Beberata tahap yang dilakukan dalam
penelitian ini yaitu : </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.5in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1. Isolasi DNA genom</span></b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span></u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">:
1,5 mL sel darah tepi dicampur dengan 4,5 mL <i>Red Blood Cells solution </i>1X
(199 mM EDTA; 100 mM KHCO3; 1,45 NH4Cl), dibolak-balik 4-5 kali dan diinkubasi
(suhu kamar; 10 menit). Campuran disentrifugasi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>(1500 <i>rpm;</i> 10 menit; <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>27oC)
sampai didapatkan endapan. Supernatan dibuang dan endapan dilisis dengan RBC 1X
dan kembali disentrifugasi sampai endapan berwarna putih. Setelah supernatan
dibuang, ditambahkan 1,3 mL <i>Cell Lysis Solution </i>(10 mM Tris HCl; 0,25 mM
EDTA; 20% SDS). Suspensi dihomogenkan. Supensi diinkubasi (37oC; 30 menit).
Kemudian ditambahkan 1,3 mL protein presipitasi (5M amonium asetat), divorteks
30 detik sampai terbentuk butiran-butiran halus. Suspensi disentrifugasi (3000
rpm; 4oC; 15 menit) sampai terbentuk endapan kecoklatan. Supernatan dipindahkan
ke tabung baru berisi 2,3 mL isopropanol dingin, kemudian dibolak-balik
beberapa kali sampai terlihat presipitat berupa benang-benang halus DNA yang
melayang dalam isopropanol dan selanjutnya DNA diinkubasi semalaman pada -20oC.
Kemudian tabung berisi DNA disentrifugasi ( 3000 rpm; 4oC; <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5 menit). Supernatan dibuang dan endapan DNA
dicuci dengan 1,5 ml alkohol 70% dingin, disentrifugasi (3000 rpm; 4oC; selama
5 menit). Endapan DNA dikeringkan dengan dianginkan (2 jam; suhu kamar).
Selanjutnya ditambahkan 300 ml TE (10 mM Tris HCl; 0,25 mM EDTA) ke dalam
tabung yang berisi DNA dan diinkubasi pada 37oC 2 jam. Kemudian DNA dipindahkan
ke tabung 1,5 ml dan disimpan pada suhu -20oC. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.5in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2. <i><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Amplifikasi DNA gen PIGR</span></i></span></b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> : </span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">digunakan
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">primer
peneliti sebelumnya yaitu, <i>forward 5’</i>GGGTCCCGCGATGTCAGCCTAG<i>3’ </i>dan
<i>downward </i>5’TTCTCCGAGTGGGGAGCCTT3’. Amplifikasi DNA terdiri atas
denaturasi, <i>annealing</i>, dan ekstensi DNA pada mesin PCR. Kondisi PCR yang
digunakan adalah <i>pre</i>-PCR pada 95oC selama 4 menit, periode PCR selama 35
siklus meliputi denaturasi pada 95oC selama 60 detik, <i>annealing </i>pada
60oC selama 60 detik, dan ekstensi pada 72oC selama 60 detik. Setelah periode
PCR, maka diakhiri dengan <i>post</i>-PCR pada 72oC selama 7 menit. Untuk
kontrol negatif ditambahkan 10 mL ddH2O ke dalam larutan PCR.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.5in;">
<b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3.
Analisis Mutasi Gen PIGR dengan Teknik PCR-RFLP</span></i></b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> :</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Setelah diketahui hasil
amplifikasi DNA PIGR positif dengan adanya pita DNA berukuran 220 bp dari
elektroforesis<i>,</i>maka dilakukan analisis <i>Restriction fragment length
polymorphism </i>(RFLP) menggunakan enzim restriksi <i>Hga I</i>. Deteksi
mutasi gen PIGR mengacu pada penelitian sebelumnya. Hasil elektroforesis
dinyatakan positif jika ditemukan 1, 2, atau 3 pita DNA PIGR yang berukuran 220
pb, 180 pb, dan 40 pb. Selanjutnya pita DNA tersebut dideteksi dengan
iluminator UV dan direkam dengan film polaroid untuk analisis RFLP.<i><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4.
Analisis Statistik</span></i></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> : digunakan metode analisis
statistik nonparametrik</span><span style="font-family: Times-Roman; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Times-Roman;">,</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hasil
dari penelitian ini yaitu : </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">KNF dan Faktor-faktor Pendukung
Patologi KNF</span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Porsi
penderita KNF (dari 102 pasien) </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 31.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">a. Berdasarkan stadium kanker :<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>76,47% pada stadium lanjut, 13,73% pada
stadium awal, 6,86% belum diketahui stadium kankernya</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 31.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">b.
Jenis kelamin dan etnis : rasio pria dan wanita (1,9 : 1) ; etnis jawa sebesar
34,31%, Sunda sebesar 29,41%, dan Batak sebesar 9,80%.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 31.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">c.
Faktor usia : 41-50 tahun dengan porsi 29,41%, diikuti usia 51- 60 tahun
sebesar 24,51%, dan usia 31-40 tahun sebesar 23,53% dengan sebaran usia pada
pasien KNF antara usia 15- 69 tahun.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Distribusi Genotip dan Frekuensi Alel PIGR pada
KNFdan Kontrol</span></i></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dari
hasil yang telah tertera pada tabel 1 di samping kemudian dilakukan uji <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">chi-square. </i>Dari uji <i>chi-square</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> </span>didapatkan p>0,05. Hal tersebut
menunjukkan frekuensi alel gen PIGR antara kelompok KNF dengan kontrol tidak
berbeda nyata, ini berarti gen PIGR tidak berdisposisi dan berkontribusi pada
patogenesis KNF. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Distribusi Genotip dan Frekuensi Alel Gen PIGR pada
Kelompok Etnis di Indonesia</span></i></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dari
hasil yang telah tertera pada tabel 2 di samping kemudian dilakukan uji <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">chi-square. </i>Dari uji <i>chi-square </i>didapatkan
p>0,05. Hal tersebut mengindikasikan bahwa frekuensi alel gen PIGR antara
kelompok pribumi tidak berbeda nyata dengan kelompok etnis Cina yang ada pada
populasi Indonesia.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .4in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berdasarkan
hasil dan pembahasan penelitian tentang analisis polimorfisme gen PIGR pada
penderita KNF dan individu normal dapat ditarik kesimpulan sebagai bahwa penderita
KNF yang berobat ke RSCM kebanyakan berada pada stadium lanjut, didominasi oleh
pria, mayoritas pada usia antara 41-50 tahun, distribusi alotip gen PIGR tidak berbeda
antara individu kontrol dengan penderita KNF serta antara etnis pribumi dengan
Cina pada populasi Indonesia sehingga mungkin tidak berhubungan dengan
kerentanan individu terhadap timbulnya KNF. Dari hasil penelitian ini dapat
disarankan perlunya dilakukan pemeriksaan alotip PIGR pada patogenesis KNF, terutama
pada situs polimorfik <i>Hga I </i>sebagai pemeriksaan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pendahuluan bagi penderita KNF. </span></div>
<div class="blogger-post-footer">Terimakasih telah mengunjungi blog ini..
Sangat menerima kritik dan saran untuk kemajuan blog ini..
Silakan meninggalkan komentar di box komentar..</div>thedfreezehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01513202399201124188noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2935197874324929025.post-79370999593359260372012-11-24T13:11:00.003+08:002012-11-24T13:11:48.690+08:00Artikel : Recycle Sampah Limbah Pertanian<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmeN-q_6joLM55f8F2ftL_lxrFt04TGrHVsojMNpWnXg-4gAvuNFSXrJsQO5y4rUe_WnZ0rPu5vtCYJMcQ92bWphIFF8cjbj68mEf09rLuukf3mVratwYwPEkcreqwCpuNa_MOjBqxIpA/s1600/jerami.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmeN-q_6joLM55f8F2ftL_lxrFt04TGrHVsojMNpWnXg-4gAvuNFSXrJsQO5y4rUe_WnZ0rPu5vtCYJMcQ92bWphIFF8cjbj68mEf09rLuukf3mVratwYwPEkcreqwCpuNa_MOjBqxIpA/s320/jerami.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmeN-q_6joLM55f8F2ftL_lxrFt04TGrHVsojMNpWnXg-4gAvuNFSXrJsQO5y4rUe_WnZ0rPu5vtCYJMcQ92bWphIFF8cjbj68mEf09rLuukf3mVratwYwPEkcreqwCpuNa_MOjBqxIpA/s1600/jerami.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><br /></a><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span>Di era sekarang ini adannya sampah
telah cukup mengganggu keindahan kota. hal itu dikarenakan jumlahnya yang sudah
menumpuk tanpa adanya keseimbangan daur ulang yang dapat dilakukan. Jenis
sampah dibagi menjadi dua, yaitu organic dan anorganik. Sampah organik adalah
sampah yang dapait diuraikan oleh bakteri-bakteri pengurai sedangkan sampah
anorganik adalah sampah yang tidak dapat diurakan oleh bakteri pengurai. Jadi,
sampah anorganik tidak dapat membusuk meskipun dalam ,waktu yang lama contohnya
plastik.Dalam focus kali ini akan membahas daur ulang sampah organik. Daur
ulang sampah organik sangat diperlukan saat ini. Ribuan bahkan jutaan ton
sampah dibuang setiap harinya. Oleh karena itu, kita dapat memulai mendaur
ulang sampah-sampah yang ada disekitar kita seperti sampah organik. Sampah
organic terdiri dari bahan-bahan penyusun tumbuhan dan hewan yang diambil dari
alam atau yang didapat dari hasil pertanian, perikanan dsb. </span></span></div>
<a name='more'></a><span style="font-size: small;">Contoh dari sampah ini
adalah daun-daunan, sisa makanan, kulit buah dll. Selama ini metode yang
digunakan untuk mengolah aneka limbah oganik tersebut adalah dengan cara
membusukkan limbah tersebut untuk mendapatkan kompos. Pada proses ini, akan ada
energi organik yang terbuang dalam bentuk panas dan gas ( hidrogen sulfida,
amonia merkaptan dan gas beracun lainnya ). Polusi yang terjadi mencakup udara,
tanah dan air yang terjadi dari proses pembusukan bahan organik, karena
aktifitas dari mikroorganisme patogen yang berbahaya bagi hewan dan manusia
seperti : Salmonella, Escherischia coli dll. Pencemaran secara kimia terjadi
karena pelepasan ion negatif dari proses pembusukan yang membentuk gas-gas dan
senyawa beracun. Proses pembusukan organik berlangsung 2 – 3 bulan. Proses ini
bisa berlangsung lebih lambat karena penambahan bahan organik secara terus
menerus serta tidak adanya peran mikroorganisme fermentasi. Itulah sebabnya
mengapa di tempat pembuangan gas busuk secara terus menerus dihasilkan dalam
radius 5 km (Siswomusodo, 2011). </span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span>Banyak jenis limbah organik yang
mempunyai emisi gas yang sangat beracun, sehingga pada pengolahan limbah jenis
tersebut harus menggunakan sistem penanganan gas. Seperti yang telah disebutkan
diatas bahwa dihasilkan bau yang dapat menjadi polusi udara yang menimbulkan
masalah baru. Diperlukan solusi/penanganan baru yang dapat mengatasi masalah
pengolahan limbah organik perkotaan (sampah pasar, daun-daunan, bekas upacar
adat, dll).</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span>Limbah tersebut tidak hanya bersala
dari pasar maupun dari limbah rumah tangga. Limbah pun bisa berasal dari
pertanian seperti limhah tongkol jagung, limbah jerami, dan lain-lain. <span> </span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span>1. Terdapat beberapa solusi/penanganan limbah organik yang
dapat diterapkan untuk pengolahan limbah organik yaitu dengan memanfaatkan
mikroorganisme yang mampu mengolah/mendgradasi limbah organik tanpa menimbulkan
masalah baru. Berikut beberapa aplikasi pemanfaatan mikroorganisme dalam
pengolahan limbah organik : </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><u><span>a. Biodegradasi
limbah padat organik secara anaerob : proses semi kontinyu</span></u></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span>Sumber
mikroorganisme yang digunakan : bakter methan yang diisolasi dar intestinal
hewan sapi</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span>Diinokulsi ke dalam
reactor anaerob dengan suspensi sampah besar sebagai bahan baku. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span>Kemudian sampel
berupa sampah organik diambil dari pasar tradisional. Kemudian sampah organik
terlebih dahulu diiris kemudian digiling menjadi suspensi. Kemudian dilakukan
penambahan air dan selanjutnya di masukkan ke dalam bioreactor. Biogas yang
dihasilkan di ukur dengan gas meter. Dari penelitian ini didapatkan gas metan
berkisar diatas 60% dari smapel sampah organik yang digunakan dan dapat
membantu mempercepat degradasi sampah organik dan mengurangi volume sampah
organik menuju TPS (tempat Pembuangan Sampah) (Sriwuryandari, 2009). </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><u><span>b. </span></u><u><span>Biokonversi Selulose dari
Limbah Tongkol Jagung Menjadi Glukosa Menggunakan Jamur <i>Aspergilus Niger</i></span></u></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="SV">Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk memperoleh
glukosa dari tongkol jagung melalui proses hidrolisa enzimatis menggunakan
enzim selulose dari jamur <i>Aspergilus
niger</i></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><i><span>Mikroorganisme yg digunakan
: Aspergilus Niger</span></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="FI">Teknik isolasi dan pertumbuhan : Medium agar miring
yang digunakan dalam pemeliharaan <i>Aspergilus
niger</i> adalah PDA (potato Dextrose Agar).<span>
</span>Bahan ini dilarutkan dalam aquadest 1,9 g/ml, lalu dipanaskan sampai
larutan menjadi homogen. Media kemudian dituangkan kedalam tabung reaksi (± 5
ml) dan disterilisasi dengan menggunakan autoclave pada suhu 121<sup>o</sup>C
selama ± 15 menit. Setelah disterilisasi, tabung-tabung reaksi tersebut
diletakkan dalam posisi miring dan dibiarkan agar-agar memadat. Selanjutnya
dilakukan inokulasi <i>Aspergilus niger</i>
pada agar miring tersebut. Substrat yang digunakan untuk pertumbuhan <i>Aspergilus niger</i> dedak gandum. Substrat
yang sudah dikeringkan kemudian digiling sampai ukuran partikel sebesar 40
mesh. Untuk media diambil 10 g tepung substrat dari dedak gandum, kemudian dimasukkan
kedalam erlenmeyer 300 ml dan ditambahkan larutan nutrisi. Biakan <i>Aspergilus niger</i> pada agar miring diberi
aquadest sebanyak 10 ml. Jamur dilepaskan dengan menggunakan jarum ose, lalu
dikocok dan dipindahkan ke tabung lain yang sudah disterilkan. Suspensi jamur
yang digunakan ditentukan konsetrasinya menggunakan TPC (Total Plate Counting)
dengan jumlah 10<sup>7</sup> – 10<sup>8</sup> spore /ml. Suspensi jamur
sebanyak 2 ml yang diperoleh diinokulasikan kedalam susbtrat steril yang sudah
tersedia, kemudian diinkubasikan kedalam inkubator pada suhu<span> </span>35<sup>o</sup>C selama 2, 4 dan 6 hari. Media
fermentasi yang sudah ditumbuhi <i>Aspergilus
niger</i> kemudian ditambahkan 100 ml buffer asetat pH 4,8 yang mengandung 0,1
% Tween 80. Cairan enzim diaduk dan dikocok dengan pengocok shaker pada 200 rpm
selama 2 jam kemudian disentrifuge pada 900 rpm selama 180 menit (</span><span>Soeprijanto, 2012)</span><span lang="FI">. Dengan adanya penelitian ini maka limbah tongkol jagung dapat
dimanfaatkan untuk dapat menghasilkan glukosa dengan bantuan </span><i><span>Aspergilus Niger. </span></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><i><u><span>c. </span></u></i><u><span>Metode land
fill system</span></u><span> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span>Metode land fill system sampai saat ini masih merupakan cara
yang diunggulkan, sekalipun hanya dapat mengurangi bau kurang dari 40 %. Dan
masalah ini tidak akan pernah tuntas mengingat bau adalah gas yang bersifat
ringan dan segera mengisi ruang Siswomusodo, 2011).</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><u><span>d.
Pemanfaatan jerami dan sampah sawi hijau dalam memproduksi Biogas</span></u></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span>Mikroorganisme yang digunakan
adalah bakter EM-4</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span>Teknik
isolasi dan pertumbuhan : </span><i><span>Starter </span></i><span>inokulum berasal dari cairan hasil biodigester Kebun
Pendidikan dan Pengembangan Pertanian (KP4) UGM, Brebah,<span> </span>Sleman. EM-4 diproduksi oleh PT Songgolangit
Persada, Jakarta. EM-4 mengandung bakteri fermentasi dari genus <i>Lactobaccilus</i>,
jamur fermentasi, <i>Actinomycetes</i>, bakteri pelarut fosfat dan ragi
(Herawati,2010).</span><span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="FI">2. Plot plan penanggulangan krisis energi berbasis
fosil: </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="FI">a. memanfaatkan limbah padat organik untuk dapat
menghasilkan energi sehingga dapat menghemat penggunaan energi yang kini sudah
mulai menipis seperti pada aplikasi pengolahan limbah padat yang diperkenalkan
pada jurnal ”</span><span>Biodegradasi limbah padat
organik secara anaerob : proses semi kontinyu”</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span>b. Memanfaatkan
limbah jerami dan sampah sawi hijau dalam memproduksi bogas sehingga dapat di
hemat penggunaan energy yang berbasis fosil </span><span lang="FI"><span> </span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span><span> </span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span>. <span> </span></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><b><span>Daftar
Pustaka </span></b></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -40.5pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span>Herawati, D A dan <span> </span>Andang A W. 2010. Pengaruh <span>Pretreatment </span>Jerami Padi pada
Produksi Biogas dari Jerami Padi dan Sampah Sayur Sawi Hijau Secara <span>Batch.</span> Jurnal Rekayasa Proses Vol. 4,
No. 1</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -40.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -40.5pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span>Siswomusodo,
Gadis Madadeta. 2011. <span>Pentingnya Daur Ulang Sampah Organik. </span></span><span>Semarang : Fakultas Kedokteran UNDIP</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -40.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -40.5pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span>Soeprijanto;
Tianika Ratnaningsih dan Ira Prasetyaningrum. 2012. Biokonversi Selulose dari
Limbah Tongkol Jagung Menjadi Glukosa Menggunakan Jamur Aspergilus Niger.
Surabaya. </span><span lang="SV">Fakultas Teknologi Industri Institut Teknologi
Sepuluh Nopember</span><span lang="SV"> </span><span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -40.5pt;">
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<span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="font-size: small;">Sriwuryandari, Lies dan T. Sembiring. 2009
Biodegradasi limbah padat organik secara anaerob : proses semi kontinyu. Jurnal
Teknologi Indonesia. 32 (2) 2009 ; 79-84</span> </span></div>
<div class="blogger-post-footer">Terimakasih telah mengunjungi blog ini..
Sangat menerima kritik dan saran untuk kemajuan blog ini..
Silakan meninggalkan komentar di box komentar..</div>thedfreezehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01513202399201124188noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2935197874324929025.post-2471568277486422232012-10-27T10:34:00.000+08:002012-10-27T10:36:29.240+08:00BALI RATIH PRODUK |Promo|<!--[if !mso]>
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<a href="http://smart-fresh.blogspot.com/" target="_blank"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"></b></a><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2935197874324929025" title="Bali Ratih"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Bali Ratih</span></a></b> adalah produk perawatan tubuh
asli dari Bali. Didatangkan langsung dari Bali. Perawatan Tradisional di
proses, dan di kemas dengan modern. Dengan kualitas sekelas Bodyshop! Sudah di
export ke berbagai Negara seperti Malaysia, Jepang dan Korea. Dengan 16 Pilihan
Aroma.</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b>Produk
Bali Ratih :</b></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">1. Body Mist 60ml </b></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Keharuman dan kemasan body mist mirip dengan
body spray yang biasanya digunakan untuk mengharumkan tubuh. Body mist memiliki
kandungan minyak dalam jumlah tertentu, yang berfungsi sebagai pengikat air
dalam kulit, sehingga kulit tidak mengalami dehidrasi sekaligus
meremajakannya. Cocok digunakan sebagai penyegar dadakan setelah
beraktifitas, ruangan kamar, linen spray atau disemprotkan ke badan 5 menit
sesudah mandi. Dengan keharuman yang segar membuat anda menjadi lebih rilex dan
nyaman.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<a name='more'></a><br />
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b>2.
Body scrubs 110gr </b></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;">
Lulur
dengan bahan-bahan yang alami, scrubsnya lembut terbuat dari beras, dijamin
mengangkat kotoran dan daki2 di kulit. Kulit terasa lebih halus. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b>3.
Body Lotion 100 ml </b></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;">
Pelembab
sehari-hari dengan UV Protection, teksturnya lembut menjadikan kulit halus
seharian </div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b> 4.
Body Butter 100gr </b></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;">
Pelembab
utk kulit kering atau yang sering di ruangan AC mengandung Cocoa Butter, Shea
Butter dan Vitamin E. Kulit jadi lembab dan terlihat bercahaya.</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<b>IMAGE PRODUCT </b></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitRkqZzj_RuTBf7aQoThk3ozPmJdiAPUnydxSk7KZx-KPWajJBUVpCPD4JcTElpRS4LEq5YhPlsSKPNs3uJgxhZHzHVh1gYUjPlAtk60YLHGLMIxWlPQXPU08jVxD8j2F8vKNA48f6fEQ/s1600/body+mist.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="267" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitRkqZzj_RuTBf7aQoThk3ozPmJdiAPUnydxSk7KZx-KPWajJBUVpCPD4JcTElpRS4LEq5YhPlsSKPNs3uJgxhZHzHVh1gYUjPlAtk60YLHGLMIxWlPQXPU08jVxD8j2F8vKNA48f6fEQ/s400/body+mist.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Body Mist</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.gophoto.it/view.php?i=https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuJegZ6IaEQzCyd4sOEG2xO4pJ6W6hzBAGQ5giED3wjWV7LuFleXw9hcZjDsGiXJHxQ6z7p2_OipVUu50mIEko01bNKhayfwvgGYU1boseGk_lS32B1mZx0q1whU8Hj9QQIzclWoony_c/s1600/Body+butter+bali+ratih+Rp+27.000.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="291" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuJegZ6IaEQzCyd4sOEG2xO4pJ6W6hzBAGQ5giED3wjWV7LuFleXw9hcZjDsGiXJHxQ6z7p2_OipVUu50mIEko01bNKhayfwvgGYU1boseGk_lS32B1mZx0q1whU8Hj9QQIzclWoony_c/s400/Body+butter+bali+ratih+Rp+27.000.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Body Butter </td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.gophoto.it/view.php?i=https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuy4438r0kVIb0ou8TNCEK3jfhWhUpr5Ug2uRvuJ4nJbL6zP-TopXsyKrvLmxU8jkNeOFoicYYbgS6rJ_-haufJbjcXeDCr-2x15tK1gfeSYKc07-LO6-5jrMg6BT4hZC_p4nU1ZGcpUY/s1600/body-scrub-bali-ratih-30rb.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="280" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuy4438r0kVIb0ou8TNCEK3jfhWhUpr5Ug2uRvuJ4nJbL6zP-TopXsyKrvLmxU8jkNeOFoicYYbgS6rJ_-haufJbjcXeDCr-2x15tK1gfeSYKc07-LO6-5jrMg6BT4hZC_p4nU1ZGcpUY/s400/body-scrub-bali-ratih-30rb.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Body Scrub</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.gophoto.it/view.php?i=https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglHejdMN2q3ugU0z7ump7uiXwu1YFU0bcQ60AFS_iK12d7PXsz-YtWDJ0r1bEGZC1GQlsSyCa-yqTqgg4n449DBE8Fp2AITiORqKVB5RIXVhFdE39HwOe2OigeiB1z7Ke-SOQAbo40oXc/s1600/bodylotion1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="201" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglHejdMN2q3ugU0z7ump7uiXwu1YFU0bcQ60AFS_iK12d7PXsz-YtWDJ0r1bEGZC1GQlsSyCa-yqTqgg4n449DBE8Fp2AITiORqKVB5RIXVhFdE39HwOe2OigeiB1z7Ke-SOQAbo40oXc/s400/bodylotion1.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Body lotion </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue; mso-no-proof: yes;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Deskripsi Aroma: </b></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Pilihan Aroma Utk All Products :</b></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.25in;">
1.
Almond Nut<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Wanginya seperti
davidoff cool water. Cocok utk Pria </div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.25in;">
2.
Coffee<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Wanginya seperti
coffee (seperti wangi caffelatte starbucks, atau coffeemix). Cocok untuk Pria</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.25in;">
3.
Chocolate<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Wanginya yummy layaknya
selai coklat, but not recommend untuk body mist, recommended for Butter atau
Lotion</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.25in;">
4.
Avocado<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Wangi campuran Jasmine
dan Avocado. Wanginya agak kuat, cocok untuk malam hari</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.25in;">
5.
Cherry<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Wanginya segar
banget, fresh, girly</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.25in;">
6.
Chamomile<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Wanginya agak nyengat
saat pertama kali, tapi lama2 wanginya lembut dan menenangkan. Layaknya wangi
di Spa Centre, wangi bunga + rempah.</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.25in;">
7.
Green Tea<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Wanginya seperti
Green Tea, sangat lembut dan menenangkan..</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.25in;">
8.
Lavender<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Wanginya agak kuat,
wangi bunga lavender. Enak wanginya, dewasa dan berkarakter</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.25in;">
9.
Mango<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Wangi fresh,
campuran antara Mango dan Peach, fresh tapi juga lembut.</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.25in;">
10.
Olive<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Wanginya segar, tapi
juga lembuut. Feminim tapi ga terlalu girly. </div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.25in;">
11.
Orange<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Wanginya segar. Wanginya
seperti campuran antara Orange dan Citrus.</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.25in;">
12.
Apple<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Wanginya segar tapi
ga terlalu manis. Fresh layaknya habis mandi.</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.25in;">
13.
Milk<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Wangi jasmine yang
lembut.. feminim banget.</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.25in;">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>14. Strawberry<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:
Wanginya girly, sweet, and segar banget. Seperti wangi lollipop/permen/ permen
karet (Best seller).</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.25in;">
15.
White Rose<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Wanginya bunga unik,
lembut tapi berkarakter dan mature banget (Best seller).</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.25in;">
16.
White Musk<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Wanginya kira2 seperti
White Musk Bodyshop, tapi sedikit berbeda, seperti ada campuran wangi bedak
bayi, unyu-unyu.<b></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 85.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -85.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<b></b><b></b><b></b><b></b><b></b><b></b><b></b><b></b><b></b><b></b>
<br />
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b>Kenapa
Bali Ratih ?</b></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;">
Tekstur produknya mirip sama
Bodyshop, dan aroma-nya “elegan”. </div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b>Kenapa
Harga Bali Ratih lebih mahal daripada produk-produk sejenis dari BALI?</b></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;">
Karena
kualitas Bali Ratih jauh diatas produk-produk sejenis, terbukti dengan Bali
Ratih sudah di ekspor ke Jepang dan Korea. Jadi jangan samain Bali Ratih dengan
produk-produk lokal lainnya.</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b>Product
Bali Ratih ada apa aja jenisnya ?</b></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;">
Ada
Body Scrubs (lulur) 110ml , </div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
Body Lotion 100ml, </div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
Body Mist (Cologne/spray) 60ml, </div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
Body Butter 110ml, </div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b>Wangi
apa yg paling enak (recommended/best seller)?</b></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;">
Best
Seller utk mist : strawberry, milk, white musk, white rose, olive n
cherry. klo utk cowo : almond nut, coffee. </div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;">
Best
seller utk butter : chocolate, olive, mango, strawberry. </div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;">
Best
seller utk scrubs : olive, coffee, green tea, strawberry, milk </div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;">
Best
seller utk lotion : cherry, avocado, green tea, chocolate, white rose </div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
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HOT NEWS !! GIRLS GENERATION (SNSD) "SANTA BABY" VS VICKY SHU "PACAR KAMU" | SIAPA PLAGIAT SIAPA???</div>
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ARANSEMENT LAGUNYA MIRIP BANGET!! Coba dengarkan dengan seksama 2 video klip dibawah ini!!</div>
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<u><b>REVIEW</b></u><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXBBX7Whu03VCUG_2US0wvq50nzOHxeeZ_cFOPdu6v5vYYxHj-6Ojz7Sqlpul0rV0JH-pimV1E65pcHF7c2X-ge8YVv44kKWZ1yBl48ii_tdxlhHKJH5RZw9b9T3sIaxbsEXYzpHeIgIE/s1600/orchid.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXBBX7Whu03VCUG_2US0wvq50nzOHxeeZ_cFOPdu6v5vYYxHj-6Ojz7Sqlpul0rV0JH-pimV1E65pcHF7c2X-ge8YVv44kKWZ1yBl48ii_tdxlhHKJH5RZw9b9T3sIaxbsEXYzpHeIgIE/s320/orchid.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perbanyakan melalui
kultur <i>in-vitro </i>diharapkan dapat memperbanyak tanaman anggrek dalam
jumlah besar, homogen dan bermutu, sehingga masyarakat dapat menikmati nilai
estetika yang tinggi dari masing-masing anggrek hutan Sumatera Utara. Oleh
karena itu, penelitian “Perbanyakan Beberapa Species Anggrek Hutan Langka
Sumatera Utara Melalui Kultur <i>In Vitro</i>” dilaksanakan dengan tujuan untuk
memperoleh formulasi media dan kaedah yang sesuai untuk menginduksi pertumbuhan
dan perkembangan beberapa anggrek hutan langka </span></div>
<a name='more'></a>Sumatera Utara yang berkualitas
baik, seragam setiap species, pertumbuhannya cepat dan diperoleh dalam jumlah
yang besar dan sekaligus sebagai alternatif pemecahan mengatasi kepunahan
spesies anggrek hutan.<br />
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
Bahan
eksplan (Anggrek) yang dikoleksi dari hutan Taman Wisata Alam Sibolangit (TWA),
Cagar Alam (CA) Sibolangit, dan Tangkahan (Bahorok). Alat yang digunakan dalam
penelitian antara lain becker glass, cawan petri, autoklaf, <i>laminar air flow
cabinet</i>, timbangan analitik, <i>magnetic stirer </i>dan lain-lain.
Penelitian ini disusun dengan menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) non
faktorial dengan setiap kombinasi perlakuan terdiri dari 10 eksplan (unit) per
ulangan. Parameter yang diamati adalah persentase eksplan membentuk protokorm,
jumlah tunas, panjang tunas. Perlakuan yang digunakan pada penelitian ini
adalah modifikasi media padat <i>Murashige and Skoog (MS) </i>(M1 = 1/3
konsentrasi dari NH4NO3 (Amonium nitrat) dan KNO3 (Potassium nitrat); M2 = 2/3
konsentrasi dari NH4NO3 dan KNO3; M3 = 3/3 konsentrasi dari NH4NO3 dan KNO3; M4
= 4/3 konsentrasi dari NH4NO3 dan KNO3 dikombinasikan dengan pemberian BAP
(6-Benzylaminopurine) dengan tingkat konsentrasi yang berbeda (B0 = 0,0 mg/l;
B1 = 0,5 mg/l; B2 = 1,0 mg/l; B3 = 2,0 mg/l). </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penyiapan dan
sterilisasi eksplan dilakukan dengan mengambil eksplan dari sel meristem
(daerah pada ujung tanaman kira-kira sebesar 0,1-0,5 mM) dan tunas aksil (tunas
samping, yang terdapat pada ketiak daun) dengan panjang 10 cm atau kurang
dengan pisau steril. Selanjutnya eksplan dicuci dengan air mengalir selama 30
menit. Tunas yang telah dibuang daunnya dicelupkan dalam alcohol 70% dan dimasukkan
dalam gelas piala steril yang berisi larutan Clorox 30% (satu bagian Clorox dan
empat bagian aquadest), selama 5-7 menit kemudian dibilas dengan aquadest.
Setelah dibilas, eksplan dimasukkan lagi dalam larutan Clorox lain dengan
konsentrasi 10%. Rendam eksplan dalam larutan ini selama lima menit, bilas tiga
kali dalam aquadest steril sambil dikocok. Untuk mengambil eksplan dari larutan
pencuci, gunakan pinset steril. Pada induksi tunas, eksplan yang telah
disterilkan diletakkan dalam petridish steril berdiameter 12 cm. Eksplan
kemudian diiris-iris antara dua buku dengan menggunakan pisau steril. Mata
tunas aksil terdapat pada buku dengan posisi selang seling. Tiap bagian diambil
dengan pinset steril dan dimasukkan secara hati-hati kedalam media. Pada
induksi akar planlet terbaik yang dihasilkan dari induksi tunas, kemudian
diperbanyak (subkultur) pada media dengan kombinasi perlakuan yang terbaik pada
eksperimen induksi tunas. Setelah tiga minggu eksplan diambil untuk dilakukan
pengakaran ke dalam media ½ MS (½ konsentrasi hara makro) dengan mengurangkan
kadar sukrosa menjadi 10 gram per liter media dengan pemberian IBA <i>(3-Indolebutyric
Acid) </i>0,5 mg/l. Parameter yang diamati adalah persentase tunas membentuk
akar, jumlah akar, panjang akar. Waktu yang diperlukan untuk induksi akar yaitu
21 hari.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hasil yang diperoleh
dari penelitian ini adalah sebagai berikut : Kombinasi modifikasi media kultur
yang mengandung 1/3 konsentrasi NH4NO3 dan KNO3 dengan 1 mg/l BAP adalah
merupakan kombinasi terbaik untuk kaedah regenerasi tunas anggrek liar Sumatera
Utara. Kaedah regenerasi pokok anggrek yang telah dilaksanakan merupakan kaedah
yang potential untuk menghasilkan mutu bibit tanaman dan juga potensial untuk
pelaksanaan transformasi genetik anggrek. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: blue;">SUMBER : PERBANYAKAN BEBERAPA SPECIES ANGGREK HUTAN LANGKA SUMATERA UTARA MELALUI KULTUR IN VITRO Yusnidar Tanjung, Bambang Anggono Iriawan, Rino PS Agronomi, Fakultas Pertanian, Univ Muhammadiyah Sumatera Utara, Medan </span></span></div><div class="blogger-post-footer">Terimakasih telah mengunjungi blog ini..
Sangat menerima kritik dan saran untuk kemajuan blog ini..
Silakan meninggalkan komentar di box komentar..</div>thedfreezehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01513202399201124188noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2935197874324929025.post-58983144323120004632012-06-22T22:05:00.002+08:002012-06-22T22:05:31.115+08:00Uji Kadar Kolesterol Total Serum<span class="”fullpost”">
</span><br />
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Uji Kadar Kolesterol <a href="http://adf.ly/9xnK5" target="_blank">Total Serum</a></span></b><b><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;"></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">12.1<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">Tujuan</span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Untuk menentukan kadar
kolesterol total dalam serum.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<b><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">12.2<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">Metode
yang Digunakan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Metode yang digunakan dalam penentuan kadar bilirubin baik bilirubin total
atau bilirubin direct yaitu <a href="http://adf.ly/9xnK5" target="_blank">Liberman-Burchard.</a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<b><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">12.3<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">Prinsip
Pemeriksaan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Kolesterol merupakan sterol yang paling banyak terdapat dalam badan
manusia, terutama pada otak, jaringan syaraf, cairan empedu dan darah. Senyawa
ini merupakan penyusun utama batu empedu. Kolestrol banyak dijumpai pada lemak
binatang, tetapi tidak pernah ditemukan pada lemak tumbuhan. Tumbuhan mempunyai
sterol yang disebut fitosterol. </span></div>
<a name='more'></a><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Kolesterol merupakan senyawa yang memiliki inti empat cincin siklopentano –
fenantren. Termasuk lemak dengan daya larut yang sangat kecil dalam air.
Kadarnya dalam plasma darah 150-200mg/ml, sekitar 2x kadar glukosa darah. Dalam
plasma darah 30% berikatan dengan lipoprotein yang mampu menambah daya larutnya
dalam darah. Sebanyak 70% lagi kolesterol darah berada berupa kolesterol ester.
Kolesterol juga banyak terdapat dalam empedu, dengan kadar 390mg/100ml (Yatim,
2003). Kolesterol tidak larut dalam air tetapi dapat diekstraksi dari jaringan
dengan kloroform, eter, benzena dan alkohol panas. Kolesterol termasuk senyawa
steroida dengan rumus C<sub>27</sub>H<sub>45</sub>OH.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Kebanyakan kolesterol diet ada dalam bentuk teresterkan. Esterkolesterol
yang ada ditemukan oleh empedu lalu dihidrolisis oleh esterase kolesterol
pankreas.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 42.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 197px; margin-top: 4px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 38px; z-index: 251667456;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/User/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="38" /></span><a href="http://adf.ly/9xnK5" target="_blank"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Ester kolesterol + H2O<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kolesterol + asam lemak (Astuti, 2010).</span></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Secara umum kolesterol merupakan derivate lemak yang banyak dijumpai dalam
bahan makanan khususnya yang berasal dari hewan. Kadar kolesterol dalam setiap
jenis bahan makanan cukup bervariasi tergantung pada jenis dan macam produknya,
bahkan kandungan kolesterol pada setiap bagian/organ tubuh hewan pun berbeda-
beda. Secara fisiologi kolesterol penting bagi tubuh, karena merupakan bahan
penyusun membran sel, sintesis garam empedu dan prasat (precursor) hormon
khususnya kelompok hormon steroid. Namun demikian, kelebihan kolesterol dapat
menyebabkan timbulnya berbagai gangguan kesehatan, salah satunya adalah
atherosclerosis yaitu timbunan kolesterol pada pembuluh darah khususnya pada
tunica media arteri. Atherosklerosis merupakan predisposisi infark miokard,
stroke, trombosis otak dan penyakit serius lainnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Setiap orang memiliki kolesterol di dalam darahnya, di mana 80% diproduksi
oleh tubuh sendiri dan 20% berasal dari makanan. Kolesterol yang diproduksi
terdiri atas 2 jenis yaitu :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Kolesterol LDL, adalah kolesterol jahat, yang
bila jumlahnya berlebih di dalam darah akan diendapkan pada dinding pembuluh
darah membentuk bekuan yang dapat menyumbat pembulun darah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Kolesterol HDL, adalah kolesterol baik, yang
mempunyai fungsi membersihkan pembuluh darah dari kolesterol LDL yang
berlebihan. Kadar kolesterol HDL yang tinggi merupakan suatu tanda yang baik
sepanjang kolesterol LDL kurang dari 150 mg/dl.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Selain itu ada juga Trigliserida. Lemak ini terbentuk sebagai hasil dari
metabolisme makanan, bukan saja yang berbentuk lemak tetapi juga makanan yang
berbentuk karbohidrat dan protein yang berlebihan, yang tidak seluruhnya
dibutuhkan sebagai sumber energi. Kadar trigliserida ini akan meningkat bila kita
mengkonsumsi kalori berlebihan, lebih besar daripada kebutuhan kita. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Kolesterol LDL sering disebut dengan kolesterol ‘jahat’, karena peningkatan
kadar kolesterol ini dalam darah dihubungkan dengan peningkatan resiko penyakit
jantung koroner. Kolesterol LDL akan berakumulasi di dinding arteri sehingga
membentuk semacam plak yang menyebabkan dinding arteri menjadi kaku dan rongga
pembuluh darah menyempit. Proses ini dikenal dengan nama atherosklerosis.
Kolesterol HDL sebaliknya sering disebut dengan kolesterol ‘baik’ karena
kolesterol HDL mencegah terjadinya atherosklerosis dengan cara mengeluarkan
kolesterol ‘jahat’ dari dinding arteri dan mengirimkannya ke hati. Jadi, bila
kadar kolesterol LDL tinggi sedangkan kadar kolesterol HDL rendah maka merupakan
faktor resiko terjadinya atherosklerosis. Sebaliknya yang diharapkan adalah
kadar kolesterol LDL rendah dan kadar kolesterol HDL yang tinggi.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Kadar kolesterol baik LDL maupun HDL juga dipengaruhi oleh faktor herediter
atau keturunan. Pada pasien dengan familial hypercholesterolemia (FH), terdapat
pengurangan jumlah yang signifikan dari reseptor kolesterol LDL dalam
hatinya.Pasien ini juga akan rentan menderita atherosklerosis dan serangan
jantung pada usia muda. Makanan yang banyak mengandung lemak jenuh dan
kolesterol akan meningkatkan kadar kolesterol LDL dalam darah. Lemak dibagi
menjadi lemak jenuh dan lemak tak jenuh berdasarkan pada struktur kimianya.
Lemak jenuh terutama berasal dari daging dan produk olahan susu yang akan
meningkatkan kadar kolesterol darah. Beberapa minyak tumbuhan yang dibuat dari
buah kelapa, sawit, dan cokelat juga tinggi kadar lemak jenuhnya. Menurunkan
kadar kolesterol LDL saat ini merupakan fokus utama dalam mencegah
atherosklerosis dan serangan jantung. Beberapa dokter dan ahli percaya bahwa
keuntungan menurunkan kadar kolesterol LDL antara lain :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Mengurangi dan menghentikan pembentukan plak
kolesterol pada dinding pembuluh darah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Memperlebar rongga arteri.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Mencegah pecahnya plak kolesterol yang mempunyai
resiko membentuk gumpalan darah/trombus (faktor resiko stroke)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Menurunkan resiko serangan jantung.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Menurunkan resiko stroke.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Tubuh kita menggunakan kolesterol untuk membuat:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Hormon seks, sangat penting bagi perkembangan dan
fungsi organ seksual.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Hormon korteks adrenal,m penting untuk
metabolisme dan keseimbangan garam dalam tubuh.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Vitamin D, penting dalam penyerapan Ca.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Garam empedu, membantu usus menyerap lemak.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Membran sel dan lapisan luar lipoprotein.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Untuk mengetahui kandungan kolesterol, dapat dilakukan dengan menggunakan berbagai
metode pengukuran baik secara kualitatif maupun kuantitatif dari metode yang
sederhana sampai metode yang kompleks. Tentu saja setiap metode memiliki
kelebihaan dan kekurangan, oleh karena itu dalam tulisan ini akan disajikan
pengukuran kadar koleterol dengan metode Lieberman-Burchards yang menggunakan
alat spesifik berupa spektrofotometer (Astuti. 2010).<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Pada metode ini, kolesterol total berupa kolesterol bebas dan ester
kolesterol diekstraksi. Jumlah kolesterol ditentukan kolorimetris dengan menerapkan
reaksi Liebermann-Burchard dan dibandingkan dengan larutan standard kolesterol
yang diketahui (Dawiesah, 1989). Reaksi Liebermann-Burchard merupakan dasar
penentuan fotometri kolesterol. Cuplikan kolesterol dilarutkan dalam kloroform
direaksikan dengan asetat anhidrat dan sedikit asam sulfat pekat akan terjadi
pewarnaan yang khas untuk sterol tunggal (Schunack <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">et al</i>., 1990). Pada reaksi Liebermann-Burchard larutan akan berubah
warna dengan segera menjadi merah dengan cepat akan menjadi biru-violet (kolekalsiterol
kolesterol) dan untuk selanjutnya akan menjadi hijau (ergokalsiferol) (Schunack
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">et al</i>., 1990). Bila kolesterol
direaksikan dengan asam asetat anhidrat dan asam sulfat pekat dalam lingkungan
bebas air, maka akan terbentuk warna hijau-biru yang intens akibat pembentukan
polimer hidrokarbon tak jenuh. Hasil reaksi antara kolesterol dengan pereaksi
warna yang membentuk kompleks berwarna hijau biru tersebut diukur absorbansinya
dengan menggunakan spektrofotometri uv-vis. Test ini sangat sensitif terhadap
kelembaban. Maka pipet yang digunakan harus dalam keadaan kering (Anonim,
2012).</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">12.4<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">Alat
dan Bahan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">Alat</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Tabung reaksi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Pipet ukur</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Rak tabung reaksi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Pipet tetes </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Pipet mikro</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Gelas beaker</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Alat spektrofotometri</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">Bahan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Serum jernih</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Pereaksi warna 1 : </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: .25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">0,043 M asam sulfosalisilat
dengan asam asetat glasial</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: .25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Asam sulfat pekat 96%</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Pereaksi warna 2 :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: .25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Asam asetat anhidrat dalam
asam asetat glasial 4:1</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: .25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Standar kolesterol 250 mg/dL
(Bio Analitika<sup>®</sup>)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<b><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">12.5<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">Cara
Kerja</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Dibuat pereaksi kolesterol dengan mencampur pereaksi warna 1 dan 2 dengan
perbandingan 75:25.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">↓</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Dibuat campuran sebagai berikut:</span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; margin-left: 41.4pt; width: 552px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 14.2pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" width="132">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Tes (ml)</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" width="132">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Standar (ml)</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.5in;" width="144">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Blanko (ml)</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Serum</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" width="132">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">0,05</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" width="132">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">-</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.5in;" width="144">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">-</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Standar </span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" width="132">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">-</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" width="132">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">0,05</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.5in;" width="144">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">-</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Aquades</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" width="132">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">-</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" width="132">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">-</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.5in;" width="144">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">0,05</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Pereaksi kolesterol</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" width="132">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">2,5</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" width="132">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">2,5</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.5in;" width="144">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">2,5</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">↓</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Dicampur dan ditangguhkan selama 5 menit pada
suhu 20-25<sup>0</sup>C, lalu ditambahkan asam sulfat pekat sebanyak 0,5 ml
pada masing-masing larutan di atas.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">↓</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Dicampur hingga semua protein larut, ditangguhkan
selama 15 menit pada suhu 20-25<sup>0</sup>C, <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>lalu
dibaca pada spektrofotometer dengan panjang gelombang pengamatan 610 nm.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<b><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">12.6<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">Hasil
Pemeriksaan & Interpretasi Hasil</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; tab-stops: 14.2pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Hasil Pemeriksaan</span></b></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; margin-left: 41.4pt; width: 588px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.4pt;" valign="top" width="123">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 14.2pt 35.45pt 134.7pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.4pt;" valign="top" width="123">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 14.2pt 35.45pt 134.7pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Tes A</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 85.2pt;" valign="top" width="114">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 14.2pt 35.45pt 134.7pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Tes B</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.45pt;" valign="top" width="123">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 14.2pt 35.45pt 134.7pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Standar</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 78.55pt;" valign="top" width="105">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 14.2pt 35.45pt 134.7pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Blanko</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.4pt;" valign="top" width="123">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 14.2pt 35.45pt 134.7pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Warna setelah penambahan H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.4pt;" valign="top" width="123">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 14.2pt 35.45pt 134.7pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Hijau kekuningan (++)</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 85.2pt;" valign="top" width="114">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 14.2pt 35.45pt 134.7pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Hijau kekuningan (+)</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.45pt;" valign="top" width="123">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 14.2pt 35.45pt 134.7pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Hijau kebiruan (+++)</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 78.55pt;" valign="top" width="105">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 14.2pt 35.45pt 134.7pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Bening/jernih (-)</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.4pt;" valign="top" width="123">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 14.2pt 35.45pt 134.7pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Warna setelah 15 menit</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.4pt;" valign="top" width="123">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 14.2pt 35.45pt 134.7pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Kuning kecoklatan</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 85.2pt;" valign="top" width="114">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 14.2pt 35.45pt 134.7pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Kuning</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.45pt;" valign="top" width="123">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 14.2pt 35.45pt 134.7pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Coklat kekuningan</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 78.55pt;" valign="top" width="105">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 14.2pt 35.45pt 134.7pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Bening kekuningan</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.4pt;" valign="top" width="123">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 14.2pt 35.45pt 134.7pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Absorbansi (λ=610 nm)</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.4pt;" valign="top" width="123">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 14.2pt 35.45pt 134.7pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">0,073</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 85.2pt;" valign="top" width="114">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 14.2pt 35.45pt 134.7pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">0,032</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.45pt;" valign="top" width="123">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 14.2pt 35.45pt 134.7pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">0,173</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 78.55pt;" valign="top" width="105">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 14.2pt 35.45pt 134.7pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">0,000</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 14.2pt 35.45pt 134.7pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 14.2pt 35.45pt 134.7pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Perhitungan</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 14.2pt 35.45pt 134.7pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span></span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Dik :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 14.2pt 35.45pt 134.7pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Absorbansi
blanko <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>= 0,000</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 14.2pt 35.45pt 134.7pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Absorbansi
standar <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>= 0,173</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 14.2pt 35.45pt 134.7pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Absorbansi
tes A<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>= 0,073</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 14.2pt 35.45pt 134.7pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Absorbansi
tes B<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>= 0,032</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 14.2pt 35.45pt 134.7pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Kadar
standar<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>= 250 mg/dL</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 14.2pt 35.45pt 134.7pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Dit
: </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 14.2pt 35.45pt 134.7pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Kadar
kolesterol pada tes A dan tes B ?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 14.2pt 35.45pt 134.7pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Jawab
:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Test A</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Kolesterol total serum A</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">= </span><img height="34" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/User/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.gif" width="273" /><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">= </span><img height="33" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/User/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image005.gif" width="118" /><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">= </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">105,49 mg/dL</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Test B</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Kolesterol total serum B</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">= </span><img height="34" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/User/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image007.gif" width="273" /><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">= </span><img height="33" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/User/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image009.gif" width="118" /><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 14.2pt 35.45pt 134.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">= </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">46,24 mg/dL</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 14.2pt 134.7pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Interpretasi Hasil</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Kadar kolesterol normal
dalam darah adalah 125-250 mg/dL. Berdasarkan data pengamatan hasil
perhitungan, didapatkan kadar kolesterol yang lebih rendah dari nilai normal
pada serum A dan B, yaitu pada serum A sebesar 105,49 mg/dL dan pada serum B
sebesar 46,24 mg/dL. Hasil yang didapat ini menunjukkan hasil yang lebih rendah
dari nilai normal. Hal ini mungkin menunjukkan keadaan pasien yang mungkin
mengalami hipolipidemia. Namun, hasil ini tidak menunjukkan data pasti karena
pada saat pengerjaan, pemipetan serum masih tersisa pada pipet mikro yang
digunakan sehingga proses pengencerannya kurang sempurna. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<b><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">12.7<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">Pembahasan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Pada praktikum kali ini
dilakukan penentuan kadar </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">kolesterol total dalam tubuh dengan metode
Libermann-Burchard</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">.
Kolesterol adalah komponen asam lemak yang terdapat dalam darah. Zat ini sangat
diperlukan oleh tubuh untuk proses-proses tertentu bagi kelangsungan hidup. Di
antaranya untuk membentuk hormon, membentuk sel, dan merawat sel-sel saraf.
Sintesis kolesterol sebgain besar terjadi di dalam hati, selain itu terjadi
pula di usus halus, kelenjar adrenal dan testis. Di samping itu juga berasal
dari makanan yang diabsorbsikan di usus bersama lipid yang lain yang disintesis
dalam usus. Kolesterol diangkut dalam lipoprotein plasma baik sebagai
kolesterol maupun ester kolesterol.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Praktikum
tentang pengukuran kadar kolesterol ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui prinsip
pengukuran kolesterol tersebut dengan menggunakan metode Lieberman – Burchards
dan mengetahui kadar kolesterol </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">dalam serum</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Anhidrid asetat bereaksi dengan kolesterol dalam larutan kloroform<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>menghasilkan suatu larutan berwarna hijau
kebiruan yang karakteristik. Sampai saat ini belum diketahui secara pasti gugus
kromofor yang menimbulkan warna tersebut, namun diduga melibatkan reaksi
esterifikasi gugus hidroksi pada posisi ketiga seperti terlihat pada susunan
molekulnya. Darah atau serum darah diekstraksi dengan campuran alkohol-aseton
yang bertujuan memindahkan kolesterol dan lipida-lipida lain serta mengendapkan
protein. Kemudian pelarut organik dievaporasi pada penangas air (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">waterbath</i>). Residu keringnya kemudian
dilarutkan dalam kloroform. Campuran kloroform kemudian ditentukan secara
klorimetri menggunakan reagen Lieberman-Burchard. Kolesterol serum darah secara
normal berkisar dari 100 – 250 mg/100 ml. Rata-rata jumlah kolesterol dalam
serum darah adalah 200 mg/100 ml, pada usia 25 tahun yang lebih lanjut
meningkat secara perlahan dengan meningkatnya usia sampai usia 40 – 50 tahun.
Wanita umumnya menunjukkan kadar kolesterol yang lebih rendah dari pada pria
sampai dicapai saat menopause (Budimarwanti, 2011). </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Berdasarkan data pengamatan, diketahui warna larutan setelah ditambahkan
asam sulfat pekat adalah hijau kekuningan untuk test A dan B dengan intensitas
warna test A lebih besar. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa kolesterol pada serum telah
bereaksi dengan dengan reagen. Dan secara visual menunjukkan adanya kolesterol
pada serum tersebut. Kemudian ditangguhkan selama 15 menit agar reaksi yang
terjadi lebih optimal untuk memastikan semua kolesterol yang terkandung telah
bereaksi. Penentuan kolesterol total secara kuantitatif dilakukan dengan alat
spektrofotometer untuk mengetahui kadar kolesterol total dalam serum. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Dari data hasil
pengamatan dapat diketahui nilai absorbansi dari masing-masing </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">serum A dan B adalah 0,073
dan 0,032, sedangkan untuk absorbansi standar sebesar 0,173</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Dari perhitungan dengan memasukan nilai
absorbansi sampel maka diperoleh kadar kolesterol </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">serum A sebesar 105,49 mg/dL
dan pada serum B sebesar 46,24 mg/dL</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> Nilai ini menunjukkan hasil yang berada di bawah normal (normal 125-250
mg/dL), khususnya untuk serum B yang nilainya jauh di bawah normal. Berdasarkan
hasil ini dapat diinterpretasikan kemungkinan hipolipidemia pada pasien.
Meskipun demikian, tidak dapat dipastikan hasil ini karena selama pengerjaan
terdapat beberapa hal yang harus diperhatikan. Salah satu contohnya adalah saat
pemipetan serum B, masih terdapat sisa serum di dalam pipet mikro, sehingga tidak
keseluruhan serum yang terukur kadar kolesterolnya. Tentu dari hal ini akan
memberikan pengaruh pada kadar kolesterol yang diperoleh. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Secara fisiologi
kolesterol penting bagi tubuh, karena merupakan bahan penyusun membran sel,
sintesis garam empedu dan prasat (precursor) hormon khususnya kelompok hormon
steroid.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Kolesterol disintesis dalam keadaan normal oleh
tubuh sejumlah 2 kali dari kadar kolesterol di dalam makanan yang dimakan.
Kolesterol yang disintesis diubah menjadi jaringan, hormon dan vitamin yang
kemudian beredar ke dalam tubuh melalui darah. Tetapi ada pula kolesterol yang
kembali ke dalam hati untuk diubah menjadi garam empedu dan garamnya. Hasil
sintesis kolesterol disimpan dalam jaringan tubuh. Tubuh dalam keadaan normal,
bila terjadi gangguan dalam konsumsi kolesterol maka akan terjadi mekanisme
untuk mempertahankan balance atau keseimbangan kolesterol sebagai mekanisme
pertahanan. Namun bila terjadi gangguan dapat berupa penimbunan kolesterol atau
derivatnya di arteri menimbulkan penghambatan aliran darah, menyebabkan tekanan
darah tinggi dan menyebabkan beberapa penyakit kardiovascular (Linstromberg,
1996).</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">
Kadar kolesterol yang rendah memang memiliki tingkat risiko penyakit yang lebih
rendah dibandingkan dengan kadar kolesterol yang tinggi. Namun, kadar
kolesterol yang rendah tentu harus diperhatikan karena kolesterol memiliki
fungsi dalam tubuh, seperti misalnya pembentukan hormon-hormon steroid.
Sehingga apabila terjadi penurunan kadar kolesterol dalam tubuh maka dapat
menyebabkan penurunan sintesis hormon dan berimplikasi pada gangguan
keseimbangan hormon.</span></div>
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span><div class="blogger-post-footer">Terimakasih telah mengunjungi blog ini..
Sangat menerima kritik dan saran untuk kemajuan blog ini..
Silakan meninggalkan komentar di box komentar..</div>thedfreezehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01513202399201124188noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2935197874324929025.post-89211834628119126772012-06-22T22:03:00.002+08:002012-06-22T22:03:46.242+08:00Uji Kadar Kreatinin Serum : Metode Jaffe<span class="”fullpost”">
</span><br />
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<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
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mso-para-margin:0in;
mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
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font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";}
</style>
<![endif]-->
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Uji Kadar Kreatinin Serum : <a href="http://adf.ly/9xnK5" target="_blank">MetodeJaffe</a></span></b><b><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">11.1<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tujuan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Untuk menetapkan kadar kreatinin pada serum atau
plasma jernih</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<b><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">11.2<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Metode yang Digunakan</span></b><b><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Metode Jaffe</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<b><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">11.3<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Prinsip Pemeriksaan</span></b><b><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Reaksi antara kreatinin
dengan asam pikrat dalam suasana basa akan membentuk kompleks kreatinin pikrat
yang berwarna kuning jingga yang kadarnya dapat diukur dengan spektrofotometer
visible pada panjang gelombang 545 nm.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<a name='more'></a><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<b><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">11.4<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Alat dan Bahan</span></b><b><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Alat</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Alat-alat gelas</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Pipet tetes</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Pipet ukur</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">mikropipet</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Spektrofotometri <a href="http://adf.ly/9xnK5" target="_blank">UV-Vis</a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bahan</span></b><b><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Serum atau plasma jernih</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Larutan asam pikrat 0,032 mol/L</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Standar kreatinin 2 mg % (Bio Analitika<sup>®</sup>)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Aquades</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<b><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">11.5<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Cara kerja</span></b><b><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Bahan-bahan dicampurkan hingga homogen sesuai dengan table di bawah
ini :</span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 41.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid black; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid black; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 160;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td rowspan="2" style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 171.0pt;" valign="top" width="228">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Bahan</span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="3" style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 153.0pt;" valign="top" width="204">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Jenis Larutan</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" valign="top" width="72">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Tes/Uji</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.5pt;" valign="top" width="71">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Standar</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.5pt;" valign="top" width="61">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Blanko</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 171.0pt;" valign="top" width="228">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Larutan asam pikrat (ml)</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" valign="top" width="72">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">1,50</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.5pt;" valign="top" width="71">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">1,50</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.5pt;" valign="top" width="61">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">1,50</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 171.0pt;" valign="top" width="228">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Serum/plasma</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" valign="top" width="72">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">0,20</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.5pt;" valign="top" width="71">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">-</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.5pt;" valign="top" width="61">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">-</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 171.0pt;" valign="top" width="228">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Standar Kreatinin 2 mg % (ml)</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" valign="top" width="72">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">-</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.5pt;" valign="top" width="71">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">0,20</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.5pt;" valign="top" width="61">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">-</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 171.0pt;" valign="top" width="228">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Aquadest</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" valign="top" width="72">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">-</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.5pt;" valign="top" width="71">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">-</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.5pt;" valign="top" width="61">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">0,20</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">↓</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Masing-masing campuran dipusingkan selama 10 menit, lalu diambil
bagian s<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>upernatnya, kemudian
dicampurkan dengan NaOH sesuai dengan table berikut :</span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 41.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid black; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid black; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 160;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 157.5pt;" valign="top" width="210">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Supernatan (ml)</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.5pt;" valign="top" width="54">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">1,00</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.5pt;" valign="top" width="54">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">1,00</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">1,00</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 157.5pt;" valign="top" width="210">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Larutan NaOH 1 mol/L (ml)</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.5pt;" valign="top" width="54">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.5pt;" valign="top" width="54">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">↓</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Ketiga
campuran untuk setiap bahan pemeriksaan diatas didiamkan selama 25-40 menit,
lalu dibaca absorbansinya pada spektrofotometer UV-Vis dengan panjang gelombang
545 nm.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<b><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">11.6<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hasil Pemeriksaan &
Interpretasi Hasil</span></b><b><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Hasil Pengamatan :</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Absorbansi blanko<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>= 0,000</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Absorbansi standar<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>= 0,007</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Absorbansi tes D<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>= 0,253</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Absorbansi tes B<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>= 0,165</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Perhitungan :</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 1.75in 2.0in 175.5pt 301.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Kadar Kreatinin tes B <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>= </span><img height="34" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/User/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" width="312" /><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 1.75in 2.0in 175.5pt 301.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>=
</span><img height="34" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/User/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.gif" width="115" /><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 1.75in 2.0in 175.5pt 301.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>=
5,22 mg %</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 1.75in 2.0in 175.5pt 301.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Kadar Kreatinin tes D <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>= </span><img height="34" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/User/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" width="312" /><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 1.75in 2.0in 175.5pt 301.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>=
</span><img height="33" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/User/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image008.gif" width="115" /><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 1.75in 2.0in 175.5pt 301.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>=
3,4 mg %</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Intepretasi Hasil</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Angka normal kreatinin serum/plasma < 1,4
mg/100 ml. (Roche Diagnostik, 1976). Tes B memiliki kadar kreatinin = 5,22 mg %
= 0,522 mg/100 ml, ini artinya pasien B memiliki nilai kreatinin normal dan tes
D memiliki kadar kreatinin = 3,4 mg % = 0,34 mg/100 ml, ini artinya pasien D
memiliki nilai kreatinin normal.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<b><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">11.7<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pembahasan</span></b><b><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Kreatinin adalah zat
racun dalam darah, terdapat pada seseorang yang ginjalnya sudah tidak berfungsi
dengan normal. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Kreatinin disintesis dalam hati, pankreas, dan
ginjal dari asam amino arginin, glisin, dan metionin. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Senyawa ini dihasilkan ketika terjadi kontraksi
pada otot. Dalam darah, kreatinin dihilangkan dengan proses filtrasi melalui
glomerulus ginjal dan disekresikan dalam bentuk urin. Ginjal yang sehat
menghilangkan kreatinin dari darah dan memasukkannya pada urin untuk
dikeluarkan dari tubuh (Anonim, 2009). Analisis kadar kreatinin dalam tubuh
merupakan indeks medis yang penting untuk mengetahui kondisi laju filtrasi
glomerulus, keadaan ginjal, dan berfungsinya kerja otot (Spiritia, 2009).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Pada praktikum ini dilakukan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">pen</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">entuan kadar kreatinin pada serum atau plasma jernih</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">dengan metode Jaffe. Prinsip dengan metode ini
adalah reaksi antara dengan asam pikrat dalam suasana basa akan membentuk
kompleks kreatinin pikrat yang berwarna kuning jingga yang kadarnya dapat
diukur dengan spektrofotometer visibel pada panjang gelombang 545 nm (Dewi
dkk., 2011 ).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Menggunakan metode Jaffe, Reaksi Jaffe merupakan
reaksi yang sederhana dan mudah dimana metode ini merupakan salah satu
pengembangan metode kolorimetri berdasarkan reaksi antara kreatinin dengan
pikrat dalam suasana basa, membentuk kompleks kreatinin pikrat berwarna jingga
yang dapat diukur menggunakan spektrofotometer visibel pada panjang gelombang
492 nm. Metode ini didasarkan pada pembentukan senyawa berwarna merah–oranye
yang terjadi antara asam pikrat dengan kreatinin dalam suasana basa (Siangproh <i>et
al</i>.,2009).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-no-proof: yes;"><img height="164" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/User/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image010.jpg" width="566" /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Pemeriksaan kadar kreatinin dalam darah<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>merupakan salah satu parameter yang digunakan untuk menilai fungsi
ginjal, karena konsentrasi dalam plasma dan ekskresinya di urin dalam 24 jam
relatif konstan ( Sodeman, 1995). Pemeriksaan pada praktikum kali ini dilakukan
pada dua sampel serum/plasma yaitu pada test </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">B</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> dan test </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">D</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Pemeriksaan kedua kadar sampel ini dilakukan
dengan menambahkan larutan asam pikrat 0,032 mol/L masing-masing ke dalam
sampel. Penambahan larutan asam pikrat pada larutan sampel (uji) berfungsi
untuk membentuk kompleks senyawa berwarna merah-oranye bila direaksikan dengan
kreatinin pada suasana alkali (Anerson dan Jean, 2007). Suasana basa dihasilkan
dengan penambahan larutan NaOH. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Dari hasil pengamatan di dapatkan bahwa, nilai absorbansi </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">larutan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">standar</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,0</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">07</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">,
absorbansi test</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">B 0,253, dan absorbansi </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Test </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">D</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">0,165. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Dari hasil pemeriksaan, diperoleh kadar kretinin pada test </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">B</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> sebesar sebesar </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">5,2 mg%</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> atau dan tes </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">D</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> sebesar </span><a href="http://adf.ly/9xnK5" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">3,4</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">mg%</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">. Nilai normal kadar
kreatinin adalah 0,5-1,1 mg %. Dilihat dari nilai normal kreatinin
serum/plasma, tes </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">B</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> dan tes </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">D</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> memiliki nilai kreatinin serum di atas nilai
normal. Nilai kadar kreatinin kedua pasien lebih besar dari nilai normal ini
menandakan kemungkinan adanya gangguan pada fungsi ginjal. Tinggi rendahnya
kadar kreatinin darah juga memberi gambaran tentang berat ringannya gangguan
fungsi ginjal (Sodeman, 1995). Peningkatan dua kali lipat kadar kreatinin serum
mengindikasikan adanya penurunan fungsi ginjal sebesar 50 %, demikian juga
peningkatan kadar kreatinin tiga kali lipat mengisyaratkan penurunan fungsi
ginjal sebesar 75 %. (Soeparman,dkk.,2001). Hemodialisa perlu dilakukan pada
gangguan fungsi ginjal yang berat yaitu jika kadar kreatinin lebih dari 7 mg/dl
serum. Namun, dianjurkan bahwa sebaiknya hemodialisa dilakukan sedini mungkin
untuk menghambat progresifitas penyakit (Anonim,2012).</span><b><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;"></span></b></div><div class="blogger-post-footer">Terimakasih telah mengunjungi blog ini..
Sangat menerima kritik dan saran untuk kemajuan blog ini..
Silakan meninggalkan komentar di box komentar..</div>thedfreezehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01513202399201124188noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2935197874324929025.post-36473222522902583222012-06-22T22:02:00.000+08:002012-06-22T22:02:07.603+08:00Uji Kadar Ureum Serum : Metode Bertholet<span class="”fullpost”">
</span><br />
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Uji Kadar Ureum Serum : <a href="http://adf.ly/9xnK5" target="_blank">MetodeBertholet</a></span></b><b><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l7 level2 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">10.1<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tujuan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Menetapkan kadar ureum dalam serum atau plasma
dengan metode Bertholet.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l7 level2 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">10.2<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Metode yang Digunakan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Metode Bertholet</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l7 level2 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">10.3<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Prinsip Pemeriksaan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Urea dalam sampel
dengan bantuan enzim urease akan menghasilkan amonia dan karbondioksida.
Setelah dicampur dengan pereaksi I dan II akan terjadi reaksi yang menghasilkan
suatu kompleks yang absorbansinya akan diukur dengan spektrofotometer UV-Vis.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Urea adalah molekul
kecil dengan struktur kimia sebagai berikut :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="height: 21px; left: 0px; margin-left: 303px; margin-top: 16px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 3px; z-index: 8;"><img height="21" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/User/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="3" /></span><span style="height: 21px; left: 0px; margin-left: 299px; margin-top: 15px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 3px; z-index: 7;"><img height="21" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/User/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" width="3" /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 6;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>O</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://adf.ly/9xnK5" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">H<sub>2</sub>N—C—NH<sub>2</sub></span></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Urea berdifusi bebas masuk ke dalam cairan
intrasel dan ekstrasel.</span></div>
<a name='more'></a> Zat ini dipekatkan dalam urin untuk diekskresikan. Pada
keseimbangan nitrogen yang stabil sekitar 25 g urea diekskresikan setiap hari.
Kadar dalam darah mencerminkan keseimbangan antara produksi dan ekskresi urea
(Sacher, 2002). Jika kuantitas urea melebihi batas normal akan mengakibatkan
tingginya kandungan urea dalam darah dan umumnya terjadi pada penderita gagal
ginjal (Khairi, 2005).<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Pada orang sehat yang
makanannya sering mengandung banyak protein, nitrogen urea darah biasanya
berada di batas atas rentang normal. Kadar BUN yang rendah umumnya dianggap
abnormal. Hal ini mungkin mencerminkan rendahnya protein dalam makanan atau
ekspansi volume plasma. Kadar BUN yang sangat rendah merupakan temuan penting
pada penyakit hati yang berat, yang mengisyaratkan bahwa hati tidak mampu
membentuk urea dari amonia dalam sirkulasi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Kondisi kadar urea yang
tinggi disebut uremia. Penyebab uremia tersering adalah gagal ginjal yang
menyebabkan gangguan ekskresi. Azotemia mengacu kepada peningkatan semua
senyawa nitrogen berberat molekul rendah pada gagal ginjal. Uremia prarenal
berarti peningkatan BUN akibat mekanisme yang bekerja sebelum filtrasi darah
oleh glomerulus. Mekanisme-mekanisme ini mencangkup penurunan mencolok aliran
darah ke ginjal seperti pada syok, dehidrasi, atau peningkatan katabolisme
protein seperti perdarahan masif ke dalam saluran cerna disertai pencernaan
hemoglobin dan penyerapannya sebagai protein dalam makanan. Uremia pascarenal
terjadi apabila terdapat obstruksi saluran kemih bagian bawah di ureter,
kandung kemih, atau uretra yang mencegah ekskresi urin. Urea di dalam urin yang
tertahan dapat berdifusi kembali ke dalam aliran darah. Penyebab uremia di
ginjal mencakup penyakit atau toksisitas yang mempengaruhi glomerulus dan
mikrovaskularisasi ginjal atau tubulus ginjal.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Tes BUN adalah tes yang
mengukur jumlah nitrogen pada darah yang berasal dari produk limbah urea karena
itu merupakan pengukuran tidak langsung dari urea dalam aliran darah. Urea
dibentuk ketika terjadi pemecahan protein di dalam tubuh. Urea diproduksi di
dalam hati dan diekskresi melalui urin. Sebelum melakukan tes BUN, sebaiknya
hindari mengkonsumsi banyak daging atau protein lain dalam 24 jam sebelum tes
berlangsung. Tes BUN berfungsi untuk : </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Untuk
memastikan bahwa ginjal masih bekerja secara normal. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Untuk
memastikan apakah penyakit ginjal yang diderita semakin parah. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Untuk
mengevaluasi pengobatan terhadap penyakit ginjal </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Untuk
memastikan apakah terjadi dehidrasi berat. Dehidrasi biasanya menyebabkan
tingkat BUN meningkat lebih dari kadar kreatinin. Penyakit ginjal atau
penyumbatan aliran urin dari ginjal dapat menyebabkan meningkatnya nilai BUN
dan kadar kreatinin.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Jika ginjal tidak dapat
mengekskresikan urea dari darah secara normal, maka nilai BUN akan meningkat.
Kerusakan hati, dehidrasi, atau diet tinggi protein juga dapat meningkatkan
nilai BUN. Penurunan nilai BUN secara normal terjadi pada trimester kedua atau
ketiga pada kehamilan. Nilai BUN normal adalah sebagai berikut :</span></div>
<div align="center">
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<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 61.38%;" valign="top" width="61%">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Usia </span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 36.12%;" valign="top" width="36%">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">mg / dL</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 61.38%;" valign="top" width="61%">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Dewasa</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 36.12%;" valign="top" width="36%">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">8-23</span> </span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 61.38%;" valign="top" width="61%">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Anak</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 36.12%;" valign="top" width="36%">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">5-15</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 61.38%;" valign="top" width="61%">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Kehamilan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 36.12%;" valign="top" width="36%">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 21.75pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.75pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5-12</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Nilai-nilai tersebut
adalah nilai-nilai yang umum digunakan. Nilai normal BUN sebenarnya dapat
berbeda-beda<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dari lab ke lab dan
tergantung jenis protokol pengujian. Interpretasi nilai BUN yang melebihi
normal : </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Nilai BUN
yang tinggi dapat berarti terjadi luka atau penyakit ginjal, seperti
glomerulonefritis, pielonefritis atau syok. Kerusakan ginjal dapat disebabkan
oleh diabetes atau tekanan darah tinggi yang secara langsung mempengaruhi
ginjal. Tingkat BUN yang tinggi juga bisa disebabkan oleh penyumbatan saluran
kemih (oleh batu ginjal atau tumor) atau aliran darah ke ginjal yang rendah
yang disebabkan oleh dehidrasi atau gagal jantung. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Terdapat
banyak obat-obatan yang dapat menyebabkan meningkatkan nilai BUN. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Nilai BUN
yang tinggi dapat disebabkan oleh diet tinggi protein, penyakit Addison, kerusakan jaringan (misalnya terjadi luka
bakar), atau terjadi perdarahan di saluran pencernaan. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Rasio
BUN-kreatinin yang tinggi terjadi dengan tiba-tiba (akut) pada gagal ginjal,
yang mungkin disebabkan oleh shock atau dehidrasi parah. Sebuah penyumbatan
pada saluran kemih (seperti batu ginjal) bisa menyebabkan rasio BUN-kreatinin
yang tinggi. Sebuah rasio tinggi BUN-kreatinin sangat mungkin disebabkan oleh
perdarahan di saluran pencernaan atau saluran pernafasan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Interpretasi nilai BUN yang dibawah rasio normal
: </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 63.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Nilai BUN
yang rendah dapat disebabkan oleh diet sangat rendah protein, kekurangan gizi,
atau kerusakan hati yang parah. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 63.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Minum
cairan berlebihan dapat menyebabkan hidrasi berlebih dan menyebabkan nilai BUN
yang rendah. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 63.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Perempuan
dan anak-anak memiliki kadar BUN yang lebih rendah daripada pria karena terkait
pemecahan protein dalam tubuh.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 63.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Rasio
BUN-kreatinin yang rendah dapat disebabkan oleh diet rendah protein, cedera
otot berat yang disebut rhabdomyolysis, kehamilan, sirosis, atau sindrom
sekresi hormon antidiuretik yang tidak tepat (SIADH = syndrome of inappropriate
antidiuretic hormone secretion). SIADH kadang-kadang dikaitkan dengan penyakit
paru-paru, kanker, penyakit pada sistem saraf pusat, dan penggunaan obat-obat
tertentu. </span></div>
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 7;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>(Anonim, 2001)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Pengukuran kadar urea
nitogen dapat dilakukan di dalam cairan tubuh, yaitu serum/plasma dan urin, salah
satu metode yang digunakan yaitu p<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">engukuran
kadar amonia yang dihasilkan dari reaksi urea dengan urease.</span> Pada metode
ini, urea dipecah dengan enzim urease menghasilkan CO<sub>2 </sub>dan amonia.
Selanjutnya amonia yang dibebaskan ditetapkan kadarnya dengan reagen Berthelot.
Belum diketahui adanya senyawa lain dalam tubuh yang mengalami pemecahan yang
sama dengan urea, oleh karena itu metode ini mempunyai spesifitas yang tinggi
terhadap urea. Metode ini paling sering digunakan. Prinsip dari metode ini
sebagai berikut : </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="height: 32px; left: 0px; margin-left: 178px; margin-top: 18px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 2px; z-index: 10;"><img height="32" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/User/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.gif" width="2" /></span><span style="height: 32px; left: 0px; margin-left: 173px; margin-top: 18px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 2px; z-index: 11;"><img height="32" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/User/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.gif" width="2" /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>O</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: -.55pt;">
<span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 275px; margin-top: 7px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 55px; z-index: 9;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/User/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image005.gif" width="55" /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">H<sub>2</sub>N—C—NH<sub>2</sub><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>+ 2H<sub>2</sub>O<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><sup>urease<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></sup></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">2 NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup> + 2 HCO<sup>-</sup></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Amonia yang dihasilkan ditetapkan kadarnya dengan
metode Berthelot. Reaksi yang terjadi sebagai berikut : </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 191px; margin-top: 2px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 84px; z-index: 1;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/User/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" width="84" /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">I. NH<sub>3<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></sub>+<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>HOCl <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>H<sub>2</sub>NCl<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>+ <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>H<sub>2</sub>O (pH > 7,5) </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 99.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">As. hipoklorit <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Kloramin</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 397px; margin-top: 5px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 49px; z-index: 2;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/User/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image007.gif" width="49" /></span><span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 202px; margin-top: 5px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 33px; z-index: 3;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/User/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image008.gif" width="33" /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">[Fe(CN)<sub>5</sub>NO]<sup>2- </sup>+ 2 OH<sup>-</sup><sup><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></sup>[Fe(CN)<sub>5</sub>NO<sub>2</sub>]<sup>4-
</sup>+ H<sub>2</sub>O <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>[Fe(CN)<sub>5</sub>H<sub>2</sub>O]<sup>3-
</sup>+ </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 333.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">NO<sub>2</sub><sup>-</sup></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Nitroprusid
<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>nitritopentasianoferat <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>aquapentasianoferat</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="height: 78px; left: 0px; margin-left: 432px; margin-top: 5px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 166px; z-index: -6;"><img height="78" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/User/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image010.jpg" width="166" /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 383px; margin-top: 4px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 45px; z-index: 5;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/User/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image011.gif" width="45" /></span><span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 227px; margin-top: 1px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 34px; z-index: 4;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/User/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image012.gif" width="34" /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">II. [Fe(CN)<sub>5</sub>H<sub>2</sub>O]<sup>3- </sup>+ H<sub>2</sub>NCl<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kompleks + fenol</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Pembentukan
monokloramin berlangsung paling cepat pada pH 10.5, sedangkan pada pH > 11.5
berjalan sangat lambat dan pada pH < 10.5 produk monokloramin yang terbentuk
cepat terdekomposisi. Oleh karena itu reaksi hendaknya dilakukan pada pH 10.5 –
11.5. Sensitifitas reaksi dapat ditingkatkan mensubstitusi posisi 2 dari cincin
fenol dengan donor elektron. Senyawa yang direkomendasikan adalah 2-klorofenol.
Untuk tujuan klinik, salisilat terbukti cukup sensitif. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Pengukuran kadar amonia
dengan metode Berthelot sangat sensitif dan mempunyai koefisien ekstingsi molar
(ε) sebesar 20000. Selain itu metode ini memiliki spesifisitas yang tinggi
terhadap ion amonium. Reaksi berjalan lambat tapi dapat ditingkatkan dengan
penambahan agen pengkopling, seperti Na-nitroprusid (Anonim, 2010).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l7 level2 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">10.4<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Alat dan Bahan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo7; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Alat</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Pipet ukur</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Tabung reaksi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Pipet tetes</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Ball filler</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo7; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bahan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Serum/plasma</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Standar BUN (Blood Urease Nitogen) 20 mg/dl (Bio
analitika®)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Urease 4000 U/I</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Buffer EDTA pH 6,5</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Reagen I : </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Fenol<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>15
g/L</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Na-nitroprussid<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>0,5
g/L</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Reagen II :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">NaOCl<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>0,5
g/L</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">NaOH<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>6,0
g/L</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l7 level2 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">10.5<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Cara Kerja</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Tabung reaksi yang akan digunakan disiapkan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">↓</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Dimasukkan
bahan-bahan ke dalam tabung reaksi (sesuai tabel)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div align="center">
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; margin-left: 124.2pt; width: 582px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Bahan</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Tes (T) B</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Tes (T) D</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Blanko
tes (BlT) B</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Blanko
tes (BlT) D</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Standar
(St)</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Blangko
standar (Blst)</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Urease, ml</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">0,10</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">0,10</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">-</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">-</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">0,10</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">-</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Standar, ml</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">-</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">-</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">-</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">-</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">0,01</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">0,01</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Serum B , ml</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">0,01</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">-</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">0,01</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">-</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">-</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">-</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Serum D , ml</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">-</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">0,01</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">-</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">0,01</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">-</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">-</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">↓</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Dicampur
dan diinkubasi pada suhu 37<sup>o</sup>C selama 20 menit</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">↓</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Reagen-reagen
dalam tabel ditambahkan berturut-turut</span></div>
<div align="center">
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; width: 468px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 88.4pt;" valign="top" width="118">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Reagen </span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.15pt;" valign="top" width="52">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Tes B</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.55pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Tes D</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.3pt;" valign="top" width="47">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">BlT B</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 37.55pt;" valign="top" width="50">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">BlT D</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 41.6pt;" valign="top" width="55">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">St</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 66.1pt;" valign="top" width="88">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Blst</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 88.4pt;" valign="top" width="118">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Reagen I,
ml</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.15pt;" valign="top" width="52">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">2,5</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.55pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">2,5</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.3pt;" valign="top" width="47">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">2,5</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 37.55pt;" valign="top" width="50">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">2,5</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 41.6pt;" valign="top" width="55">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">2,5</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 66.1pt;" valign="top" width="88">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">2,5</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 88.4pt;" valign="top" width="118">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Reagen
II, ml</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.15pt;" valign="top" width="52">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">2,5</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.55pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">2,5</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.3pt;" valign="top" width="47">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">2,5</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 37.55pt;" valign="top" width="50">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">2,5</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 41.6pt;" valign="top" width="55">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">2,5</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 66.1pt;" valign="top" width="88">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">2,5</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">↓</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Dicampur
dan didiamkan pada suhu kamar selama 20 menit</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">↓</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Dibaca
pada spektrofotometer dengan panjang gelombang 546 nm (540-620 nm). Sebagai
titik nol digunakan aquadest.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l7 level2 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">10.6<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hasil Pemeriksaan &
Interpretasi Hasil</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Absorbansi aquadest = 0,000</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Serum B</span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 41.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid black; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid black; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 160;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 90.45pt;" valign="top" width="121">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.85pt;" valign="top" width="94">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Absorbansi</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 90.45pt;" valign="top" width="121">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Tes </span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.85pt;" valign="top" width="94">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">0,118</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 90.45pt;" valign="top" width="121">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Blanko tes</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.85pt;" valign="top" width="94">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">0,104</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 90.45pt;" valign="top" width="121">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Standar</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.85pt;" valign="top" width="94">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">0,066</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 90.45pt;" valign="top" width="121">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Blanko standar</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.85pt;" valign="top" width="94">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">0,092</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Serum D</span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 41.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid black; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid black; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 160;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 90.45pt;" valign="top" width="121">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.85pt;" valign="top" width="94">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Absorbansi</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 90.45pt;" valign="top" width="121">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Tes </span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.85pt;" valign="top" width="94">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">0,122</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 90.45pt;" valign="top" width="121">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Blanko tes</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.85pt;" valign="top" width="94">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">0,104</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 90.45pt;" valign="top" width="121">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Standar</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.85pt;" valign="top" width="94">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">0,066</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 90.45pt;" valign="top" width="121">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Blanko standar</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.85pt;" valign="top" width="94">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">0,092</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Perhitungan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Mg % BUN = </span><span style="mso-text-raise: -14.0pt; position: relative; top: 14.0pt;"><img height="44" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/User/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image014.gif" width="375" /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Mg%BUN tes B =</span><span style="mso-text-raise: -14.0pt; position: relative; top: 14.0pt;"><img height="44" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/User/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image014.gif" width="375" /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">= </span><img height="33" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/User/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image017.gif" width="158" /><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">= 10,76 mg %</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Mg% BUN tes D=</span><span style="mso-text-raise: -14.0pt; position: relative; top: 14.0pt;"><img height="44" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/User/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image014.gif" width="375" /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">= </span><img height="33" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/User/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image019.gif" width="162" /><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">= 0,76 mg %</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Mengubah mg
% BUN menjadi mmol/L BUN</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">mmol/L BUN Test B <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>= mg % BUN x 0,357</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 2.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">= 10,76 mg% x 0,357</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 2.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">= 3,841 mmol/L</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">mmol/L BUN Test D <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>= mg % BUN x 0,357</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 2.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">= 0,76 mg% x 0,357</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 2.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">= 0,271 mmol/L</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Mengubah
BUN menjadi mg % ureum</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Mg % ureum test B <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>= mg % BUN x 2,14</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 2.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">= 10,76 mg % x 2,14</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 2.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">= 23,026 mg % ureum</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Mg % ureum test B <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>= mg % BUN x 2,14</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 2.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">= 0,76 mg% x 2,14</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 2.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">= 1,626 mg % ureum</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Nilai normal = 5 - 20 mg% BUN atau 3,3 – 7,7
mmol/L BUN (Dewi dkk, 2011).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l7 level2 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">10.7<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pembahasan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Urea merupakan molekul
dari amonia yang dibentuk pada proses deaminasi asam amino dalam hati. Penentuan
kadar urea dalam serum dalam analisis klinik bermanfaat untuk mengetahui
kondisis disfungsi ginjal (gagal ginjal akut, gagal ginjal kronik, penyumbatan
pada ginjal) dan pada kondisi yang tidak berkaitan dengan penyakit ginjal (
gagal jantung kongesti, kondisi pasca bedah/operasi, hipotensi). </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Penetapan kadar urea
dalam serum dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode Bertholet. Pada metode ini,
urea dipecah dengan enzim urease menghasilkan CO<sub>2 </sub>dan amonia.
Setelah dicampur dengan pereaksi I dan II akan terjadi reaksi yang menghasilkan
suatu kompleks yang absorbansinya dapat diukur dengan spektrofotometer UV-VIS.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Pada praktikum ini
digunakan dua serum test yang akan diuji yaitu test B dan D. Ke dalam tabung
reaksi, masing-masing 0,01 mL serum test B dan D dan standar BUN yang telah
disediakan ditambahkan urease sebanyak 0,10 mL. Blanko sampel dan blanko
standar sebanyak 0,01 mL dimasukkan ke tabung reaksi yang berlainan. Didiamkan
selam 20 menit pada suhu 37<sup>o</sup>C. Kemudian, ke dalam 4 tabung tersebut,
ditambahkan reagen I (fenol 15 g/L, Na-nitroprussid 0,5 g/L) dan reagen II (
NaOCl 0,5 g/L, NaOH 6,0 g/L), masing-masing sebanyak 2,5 mL. Didiamkan kembali
selama 20 menit pada suhu kamar.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Setelah didiamkan
selama 20 menit, dibaca absorbansinya pada spektrofotometer UV-vis. Panjang
gelombang pengukuran yang digunakan merupakan panjang gelombang maksimum, yaitu
546 nm. Panjang gelombang maksimum merupakan panjang gelombang yang memberikan
nilai absorbansi yang paling besar.</span> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Pengukuran absorbansi test B dan D dilanjutkan dengan mengukur
absorbansi dari blanko test B dan D, blanko standar, dan standar. Dari hasil
pengukuran, didapatkan nilai absorbansi seperti pada table hasil pengamatan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Nilai absorbansi yang
diperoleh tersebut digunakan untuk menghitung mg % BUN serum test, dimana
diperoleh mg % BUN test B adalah 10,76 mg % dan untuk test D adalah 0,76 mg %.
Angka normal BUN yaitu 5-20 mg/dL BUN. Hai ini berarti test B memiliki kadar
ureum normal karena berada pada rentang normal, sedangkan untuk test D
menunjukkan bahwa kadar ureum dalam serum rendah dan berada di bawah normal. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Pada test B dengan
kadar ureum pada rentang normal dapat dikatakan pasien memiliki kondisi
seimbang antara pembentukan urea dan katabolisme protein serta ekskresi urea
oleh ginjal dimana sejumlah urea dimetabolisme lebih lanjut dan sejumlah kecil
hilang dalam keringat dan feses. Pada test D kadar ureum berada di bawah
rentang normal, penyebab paling sering pada kejadian ini adalah membesarnya
volume plasma (Baron, 1995).</span></div><div class="blogger-post-footer">Terimakasih telah mengunjungi blog ini..
Sangat menerima kritik dan saran untuk kemajuan blog ini..
Silakan meninggalkan komentar di box komentar..</div>thedfreezehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01513202399201124188noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2935197874324929025.post-34311548468622302622012-06-22T21:58:00.000+08:002012-06-22T21:58:15.656+08:00Uji Kadar Glukosa Darah : Metode O-Toluidin<span class="”fullpost”">
</span><br />
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<b><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Uji Kadar Glukosa Darah : <a href="http://adf.ly/9xnK5" target="_blank">MetodeO-Toluidin</a></span></b><b><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;"></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9.1<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tujuan</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk
menetapkan kadar glukosa dalam darah dengan cara O-Toluidin </span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9.2<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Metode yang Digunakan</span></b></div>
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<span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: AF; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Metode O-Toluidin</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9.3<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Prinsip Pemeriksaan</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Secara garis besar ada dua cara penetapan kadar
glukosa darah dalam kimia klinik, yaitu cara kimiawi dan cara enzimatik. Metode
yang paling banyak digunakan saat ini adalah metode enzimatik. Metode enzimatik
dapat menggunakan beberapa enzim seperti enzim heksokinase, enzim glukosa
oksidase, dan enzim glukosa dehidrogenase. </span></div>
<a name='more'></a>Metode O-Toluidin merupakan salah
satu cara penetapan kadar glukosa darah secara kimiawi. O-Toluidin dapat bereaksi
dengan glukosa dalam larutan asam asetat panas menghasilkan senyawa turunan
berwarna (Burtis and Ashwood, 1994). Adapun prinsip reaksinya adalah sebagai
berikut: <span style="mso-text-raise: -5.0pt; position: relative; top: 5.0pt;"><img height="24" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/User/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" width="225" /></span>kompleks kromosom (hijau kebiruan)<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">O-Toluidin berkondensasi dengan gugus aldehida
glukosa membentuk glikosilamin dan basa Schiff. Penataulangan dan reaksi lebih
lanjut menghasilkan senyawa berwarna hijau kebiruan dengan puncak serapan pada
panjang gelombang 630 nm (Burtis and Ashwood, 1994)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: AF; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Semakin tinggi intensitas cahaya yang diserap oleh alat maka semakin tinggi
pula kandungan glukosa yang terdapat di dalam serum tersebut. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penentuan
glukosa dengan O-toluidin dapat digunakan untuk bahan sampel yang
dideproteinisasi maupun yang tidak dideproteinisasi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9.4<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Alat dan Bahan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Alat</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Tabung reaksi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Rak tabung reaksi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Pipet tetes</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Pipet mikro</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Pipet ukur</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Gelas beaker</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Spektrofotometer</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bahan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Reagen
Trichlor Asam Asetat (TCA)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pereaksi
O-Toluidin</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Air
suling</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Standar
Glukosa 100 mg%</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sampel
serum</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9.5<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Cara Kerja</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Disiapkan
larutan standar, larutan test A, larutan test B dengan campuran sebagai
berikut:</span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 41.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 160;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.35pt;" width="103">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">Bahan</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 64.4pt;" width="86">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">Test A</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.95pt;" width="104">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.4pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">Test B</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 78.0pt;" width="104">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 2.05pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">Standar</span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.35pt;" width="103">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">TCA 5%, ml</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 64.4pt;" width="86">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">1,00</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.95pt;" width="104">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.4pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">1,00</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 78.0pt;" width="104">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 2.05pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">1,00</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.35pt;" width="103">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">Darah, ml</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 64.4pt;" width="86">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">0,10</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.95pt;" width="104">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.4pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">0,10</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 78.0pt;" width="104">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 2.05pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">-</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.35pt;" width="103">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">Standar, ml</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 64.4pt;" width="86">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">-</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.95pt;" width="104">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.4pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">-</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 78.0pt;" width="104">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 2.05pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">0,10</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">↓</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bahan-bahan tersebut dicampur, lalu
dipusingkan selama 5 menit dengan kecepatan 6000 rpm.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">↓</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Diambil supernatant test tersebut
dan standar yang akan digunakan dalam pembuatan larutan campuran sebagai
berikut:</span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 41.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 160;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 135.0pt;" width="180">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">Bahan</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.5pt;" width="78">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">Test A</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.0in;" width="96">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 5.2pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">Test B</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 69.8pt;" width="93">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">Standar</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 59.35pt;" width="79">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">Blanko</span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 135.0pt;" width="180">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">Supernatan,
ml</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.5pt;" width="78">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">0,40</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.0in;" width="96">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 5.2pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">0,40</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 69.8pt;" width="93">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">-</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 59.35pt;" width="79">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">-</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 135.0pt;" width="180">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">Supernatan
standar, ml</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.5pt;" width="78">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">-</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.0in;" width="96">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 5.2pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">-</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 69.8pt;" width="93">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">0,40</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 59.35pt;" width="79">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">-</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 135.0pt;" width="180">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">Aquadest,
ml</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.5pt;" width="78">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">-</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.0in;" width="96">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 5.2pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">-</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 69.8pt;" width="93">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">-</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 59.35pt;" width="79">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">0,40</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 135.0pt;" width="180">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">Pereaksi
O-Toluidin, ml</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.5pt;" width="78">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">2,00</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.0in;" width="96">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 5.2pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">2,00</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 69.8pt;" width="93">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">2,00</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 59.35pt;" width="79">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">2,00</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">↓</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bahan-bahan
dicampur dan dimasukkan ke dalam penangas air berisi air mendidih selama 8
menit, lalu dimasukkan ke dalam air dingin.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">↓</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Campuran dibaca absorbasinya dengan
menggunakan spektrofotometer dengan panjang gelombang 625 nm-630 nm. Pengukuran
dilakukan setelah larutan dingin.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perhitungan:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 1.75in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">mg%
glukosa: <span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><img height="41" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/User/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.gif" width="152" /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 1.75in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">keterangan:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 1.0in 1.75in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dt<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Hasil pembacaan pada test</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 1.0in 1.75in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dst<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Hasil pembacaan pada standar</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 1.0in 1.75in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Nilai
Normal: 65-115 mg%</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9.6<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hasil Pemeriksaan &
Interpretasi Hasil</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Diketahui :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Dt A<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>=
1,540</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Dt B<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>=
0,124</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Dst<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>=
0,168</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Dblangko<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>=
0</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Kadar standar<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>=
100 mg%</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Nilai normal<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>=
65-115 mg%</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Ditanya :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>mg%
glukosa test A = ?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>mg%
glukosa test B = ?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Jawab :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>mg%
glukosa = </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><img height="41" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/User/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.gif" width="152" /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>mg% glukosa test A <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>= <span style="mso-text-raise: -14.0pt; position: relative; top: 14.0pt;"><img height="44" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/User/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" width="112" /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>=
916,67 mg%</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>mg% glukosa test B<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>= <span style="mso-text-raise: -14.0pt; position: relative; top: 14.0pt;"><img height="44" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/User/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image008.gif" width="112" /></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>=
73, 81 mg%</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Interpretasi
</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Serum test A menunjukkan % kadar glukosa dalam darah
sebesar 916,67 mg% dan pada serum test B sebesar 73, 81 mg%. nilai serum A
melebihi nilai normal kadar glukosa serum, yaitu 65-115 mg%. Hasil ini
menunjukkan bahwa pasien test A mengalami hiperglikemia. Pasien A belum tentu
menderita Diabetes Mellitus sebab serum yang diambil tidak diketahui waktu
pengambilannya, apakah saat pasien dipuasakan (gula darah puasa), saat
sewaktu-waktu (gula darah acak), atau pada saat pasien dibebankan glukosa (GD).
Salah satu ciri pasien DM adalah memiliki kadar gula darah acak (GDA) lebih
dari 200 mg/dl, sedangkan nilai GDP lebih dari 126 mg/dl. Test B menunjukkan
hasil kadar glukosa yang normal karena berada pada rentang nilai normal.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9.7<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pembahasan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dilakukan penetapan kadar glukosa dalam serum darah
dengan menggunakan metode O-Toluidine. Metode ini merupakan metode non
enzimatis yaitu tidak menggunakan enzim melainkan hanya dengan menambahkan pereaksi
O-Toluidine pada serum sampel yang telah dipreparasi sebelumnya dengan
menambahkan larutan TCA (Tri kloro asetic acid) 5% dan didiamkan selama 10
menit. Penambahan larutan TCA 5% bertujuan untuk mengendapkan dan mendenaturasi
protein yang terkandung dalam darah sampel. Selain itu juga dilakukan
penambahan aquadest untuk mengencerkan konsentrasi dari sampel sehingga
volumenya menjadi meningkat. Pencampuran dilakukan dengan cara
membolak-balikkan tabung hingga terbentuk larutan homogen atau dapat pula
digunakan alat vortex untuk homogenitas yang lebih sempurna. Larutan disentrifugasi
selama 5 menit pada kecepatan 6000 rpm. Hal ini bertujuan untuk memisahkan
glukosa dengan komponen protein dalam serum sehingga komponen protein akan
mengendap sedangkan glukosa akan melarut dalam supernatan. Selanjutnya
supernatan diambil dan ditambahkan dengan pereaksi O-Toluidin. Glukosa yang
berada pada supernatan bereaksi dengan O-Toluidin dalam asam asetat panas dan
menghasilkan senyawa berwarna hijau kebiruan. Penggunaan suhu tinggi bertujuan
untuk <span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black;">meningkatkan
energi kinetik reaksi yang terjadi. Setelah itu langsung dimasukkan ke dalam
air dingin yang bertujuan untuk menghentikan reaksi. Setelah larutan dingin, dilakukan
pembacaan absorbasi dengan alat spektrofotometer dan dilakukan perhitungan.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dari perhitungan diperoleh nilai test A serbesar
916,67 mg%. Nilai ini melebihi nilai normalnya yaitu 65-115 mg%. Hasil ini
menunjukan bahwa pasien test A mengalami hiperglikemia. Pada test B diperoleh
nilai kadar glukosa sebesar 73,81 mg%. Nilai ini berada pada rentang nilai
normalnya yaitu 65-115 mg%. Pasien test A yang memiliki kadar glukosa lebih
tinggi dari normal belum tentu menderita Diabetes Melitus karena serum yang
diambil tidak diketahui waktu pengambilannya apakah saat dipuasakan (Gula Darah
Puasa), pada saat sewaktu-waktu (Gula Darah Acak), atau pada saat pasien
diberikan beban glukosa (GD). Salah satu ciri pasien diabetes mellitus adalah
memiliki GDA lebih dari 200 mg/dL, GDP lebih dari 125 mg/dL. Untuk lebih
memastikan perlu diketahui waktu pengambilan sampel serum.</span></div><div class="blogger-post-footer">Terimakasih telah mengunjungi blog ini..
Sangat menerima kritik dan saran untuk kemajuan blog ini..
Silakan meninggalkan komentar di box komentar..</div>thedfreezehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01513202399201124188noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2935197874324929025.post-25910975766494568122012-06-22T21:55:00.000+08:002012-06-22T21:55:18.292+08:00Tes Glukosa Urine : Fehling & Benedict<span class="”fullpost”">
</span><br />
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<b><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tes Glukosa Urine : <a href="http://adf.ly/9xnK5" target="_blank">Fehling &Benedict</a></span></b><b><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;"></span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.1<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tujuan</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Untuk
memeriksa adanya kandungan glukosa dalam sampel urine.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.2<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Metode
yang Digunakan</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Tes glukosa
urine dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode fehling.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.3<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Prinsip
Pemeriksaan</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Dalam suasana alkali,
glukosa mereduksi kupri menjadi kupro kemudian membentuk Cu<sub>2</sub>O yang
mengendap dan berwarna merah. Intensitas warna merah dari ini secara kasar
menunjukkan kadar glukosa dalam urine yang diperiksa.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<a name='more'></a><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.4<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Alat
dan Bahan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Alat</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Tabung
reaksi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Api
bunsen</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Pipet volume</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Ball filler</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bahan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Sampel
urine</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Reagen
Fehling A dan Fehling B</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.5<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Cara
Kerja</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Dipipet 1 ml fehling A dan Fehling B, dan
dicampurkan dalam tabung reaksi hingga homogen (untuk pemeriksaan tiga sampel)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">↓</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Dipipet masing-masing 1 ml larutan tersebut ke dalam tiga tabung
reaksi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">↓</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Ditambahkan masing-masing 0,5 ml sampel urine ke
dalam tiga tabung reaksi tersebut</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">↓</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Ketiga tabung dipanaskan di atas api bunsen hingga mendidih</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">↓</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Setelah dingin, diamati perubahan warna yang terjadi pada ketiga
tabung.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Interpretasi :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">(-)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>: warna biru / hijau keruh</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">(+) <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>: larutan keruh dan hijau agak kuning</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">(++)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>: kuning kehijauan dengan endapan kuning</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">(+++)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>: kuning kemerahan dengan endapan kuning
merah</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">(++++)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">: <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>merah jingga sampai merah bata</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.6<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hasil
Pemeriksaan & Interpretasi Hasil</span></b></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; margin-left: 41.4pt; width: 582px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td rowspan="2" style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 37.85pt;" width="50">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">No</span></div>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 66.3pt;" width="88">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Tabung
ke-</span></div>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 118.05pt;" width="157">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Komposisi
Bahan</span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 142.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="190">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Pengamatan
Warna</span></div>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 71.5pt;" width="95">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Interpretasi</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 71.2pt;" width="95">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Sebelum
pemanasan</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 71.35pt;" width="95">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Setelah
Pemanasan</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 37.85pt;" width="50">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">1.</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 66.3pt;" width="88">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">A</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 118.05pt;" width="157">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Fehling A
+ Fehling B + Sampel urine 1</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 71.2pt;" width="95">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Biru tua</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 71.35pt;" width="95">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Kuning
kehijauan</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 71.5pt;" width="95">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">++</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 37.85pt;" width="50">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">2.</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 66.3pt;" width="88">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">B</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 118.05pt;" width="157">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Fehling A
+ Fehling B + Sampel urine 2</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 71.2pt;" width="95">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Biru tua</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 71.35pt;" width="95">
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Kuning
kemerahan</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 71.5pt;" width="95">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">+++</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">3.</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 66.3pt;" width="88">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">C</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 118.05pt;" width="157">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Fehling A
+ Fehling B + Sampel urine 3 (urine normal)</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 71.2pt;" width="95">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Biru tua</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 71.35pt;" width="95">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Biru tua</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 71.5pt;" width="95">
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">-</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 38.7pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Apabila
hasil +, maka di dalam sampel urine mengandung glukosa dengan kadar yang
berbeda-beda. Semakin banyak nilai + yang dihasilkan maka semakin besar pula
kandungan glukosa yang terdapat dalam sampel urine.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.7<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pembahasan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Urin atau air seni adalah cairan yng diekskresikan oleh ginjal yang
kemudian akan dikeluarkan dari dalam tubuh melalui proses urinasi. Fungsi utama
urin adalah untuk membuang zat sisa seperti racun atau obat-obatan dari dalam
tubuh. Eksreksi urin diperlukan untuk membuang molekul-molekul sisa dalam darah
yang disaring oleh ginjal dan untuk menjaga homeostasis cairan tubuh. Urin
disaring di dalam ginjal, dibawa melalui ureter menuju kandung kemih, dan
akhirnya dibuang keluar tubuh melalui uretra. Urin terdiri dari air dengan
bahan terlarut berupa sisa metabolisme (seperti urea), garam terlarut, dan
materi organik. Cairan dan materi pembentuk urin berasal dari darah atau cairan
interstisial (Chernecky and Berger, 2008).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Komposisi urin berubah sepanjang proses reabsorpsi ketika molekul yang
penting bagi tubuh, misal glukosa, diserap kembali ke dalam tubuh melalui
molekul pembawa. Cairan yang tersisa mengandung urea dalam kadar yang tinggi
dan berbagai senyawa yang berlebih atau berpotensi racun yang akan dibuang
keluar tubuh. Materi yang terkandung di dalam urin dapat diketahui melalui
urinalisis. Urea yang dikandung oleh urin dapat menjadi sumber nitrogen yang
baik untuk tumbuhan dan dapat digunakan untuk mempercepat pembentukan kompos
Dari urin kita bisa memantau penyakit melalui perubahan warnanya. (Chernecky
and Berger, 2008).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Diabetes adalah suatu penyakit yang dapat dideteksi melalui urin. Urin
seorang penderita diabetes akan mengandung gula yang tidak akan ditemukan dalam
urin orang yang sehat. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pemeriksaan terhadap adanya glukosa dalam urine termasuk pemeriksaan
penyaring. Untuk menyatakan keberadaan suatu glukosa, dapat dilakukan dengan
cara yang berbeda- beda. Cara yang tidak spesifik dapat dilakukan dengan
menggunakan suatu zat dalam reagen yang berubah sifat dan warnanya jika
direduksi oleh glukosa. Diantaranya adalah penggunaan reagen fehling yang dapat
dipakai untuk menyatakan adanya reduksi yang mengandung garam cupri. Sedangkan
pembuktian glukosuria secara spesifik dapat dilakukan dengan menggunakan enzim
glukosa oxidase (Prasetya, 2011).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tes glukosa urin dapat dilakukan
dengan menggunakan reaksi reduksi, dikerjakan dengan menggunakan fehling, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">benedict</i>, dan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">clinitest</i>. Ketiga jenis tes ini dapat digolongkan dalam jenis
pemeriksaan semi-kuantitatif. Sedangkan tes glukosa dengan reaksi enzimatik
dilakukan dengan metode carik celup yang tergolong dalam pemeriksaan
semi-kuantitatif dan kuantitatif (Subawa.2010). Pereaksi fehling terdiri
dari dua bagian, yaitu fehling A dan fehling B. Fehling A adalah larutan CuSO<sub>4</sub>,
sedangkan fehling B merupakan campuran larutan NaOH dan kalium natrium tartrat.
Pereaksi fehling dibuat dengan mencampurkan kedua larutan tersebut, sehingga
diperoleh suatu larutan yang berwarna biru tua. Dalam pereaksi fehling, ion Cu<sup>2+</sup></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> <span style="color: black;">terdapat
sebagai ion kompleks. Pereaksi fehling dapat dianggap sebagai larutan CuO
(Anonim, 2010).</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pada praktikum ini diketahui bahwa
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">tabung A dan B menunjukkan hasil positif
terkandungnya glukosa dalam sampel urine. Dalam suasana alkali, glukosa
mereduksi kupri menjadi kupro kemudian membentuk <a href="http://adf.ly/9xnK5" target="_blank">Cu<sub>2</sub>O</a> yang mengendap
dan berwarna merah. Perbedaan intensitas warna merah dari tiap tabung tersebut
secara kasar menunjukkan kadar glukosa dalam urine yang diperiksa. Berdasarkan
hasil pengamatan diketahui bahwa tabung B mengandung glukosa dengan kadar
tertinggi yang ditunjukkan dengan terjadinya perubahan warna dari biru tua
(warna fehling A dan B) menjadi kuning kemerahan dean terdapat endapan kuning
merah. Dilanjutkan dengan tabung A dengan warna kuning kehijauan dengan endapan
kuning. Sedangkan tabung C tidak menunjukkan terjadinya perubahan warna, yakni
tetap berwarna biru tua seperti warna larutan fehling A dan B sebelum
dipanaskan. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Hal ini telah sesuai secara teoritis, dimana sampel yang digunakan
pada tabung ketiga merupakan sampel urine normal, sehingga tidak terjadi
perubahan warna pada uji fehling yang menunjukkan tidak adanya glukosa dalam
sampel tersebut. Berikut ini adalah reaksi antara aldehid dengan fehling yang
menghasilkan endapan merah bata :</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-no-proof: yes;"><img height="75" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/User/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.jpg" width="367" /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pada orang normal tidak ditemukan adanya
glukosa dalam urin. Glukosuria dapat terjadi karena peningkatan kadar glukosa
dalam darah yang melebihi kapasitas maksimum tubulus untuk mereabsorpsi
glukosa. Hal ini dapat ditemukan pada kondisi diabetes mellitus,
tirotoksikosis, sindroma Cushing, phaeochromocytoma, peningkatan tekanan
intrakranial atau karena ambang rangsang ginjal yang menurun seperti pada renal
glukosuria, kehamilan dan sindroma Fanconi (Wirawan dkk, tt).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Namun reduksi positif
tidak selalu berarti pasien menderita Diabetes Melitus. Hal ini dikarenakan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN;">pada penggunaan cara
reduksi dapat terjadi hasil positif palsu pada urin yang disebabkan karena
adanya kandungan bahan reduktor selain glukosa. Bahan reduktor yang dapat
menimbulkan reaksi positif palsu tersebut antara lain : galaktosa, fruktosa,
laktosa, pentosa, formalin, glukuronat dan obat-obatan seperti streptomycin,
salisilat, dan vitamin C. Oleh karena itu perlu dilakukan uji lebih lanjut
untuk memastikan jenis gula pereduksi yang terkandung dalam sampel urine. Hal
ini dikarenakan hanya kandungan glukosa yang mengindikasikan keberadaan
penyakit diabetes. Penggunaan cara enzimatik lebih sensitif dibandingkan dengan
cara reduksi. Cara enzimatik dapat mendeteksi kadar glukosa urin sampai 100 mg/dl,
sedangkan pada cara reduksi hanya sampai 250 mg/dl. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Nilai ambang ginjal untuk glukosa dalam keadaan
normal adalah 160-180 mg % </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN;">(Wirawan dkk, tt).</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div><div class="blogger-post-footer">Terimakasih telah mengunjungi blog ini..
Sangat menerima kritik dan saran untuk kemajuan blog ini..
Silakan meninggalkan komentar di box komentar..</div>thedfreezehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01513202399201124188noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2935197874324929025.post-7033674627587698802012-06-22T21:52:00.001+08:002012-06-22T21:52:19.566+08:00Uji Kadar Bilirubin Total & Direk : Metode Jendrassik & Grof<span class="”fullpost”">
</span><br />
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<![endif]-->
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Uji Kadar <a href="http://adf.ly/9xnK5" target="_blank">Bilirubin Total &Direk : Metode Jendrassik & Grof</a></span></b><b><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.1<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tujuan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">1. Untuk menentukan total bilirubin di dalam serum.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">2. Untuk menentukan kadar direct bilirubin di dalam serum uji.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.2<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Metode
yang Digunakan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Metode yang digunakan dalam
penentuan kadar bilirubin baik bilirubin total atau bilirubin <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>direct yaitu Jendrassik & Grof.</span></div>
<a name='more'></a><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.3<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Prinsip
Pemeriksaan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Bilirubin adalah pigmen
kuning yang berasal dari perombakan heme dari hemoglobin dalam proses pemecahan
eritrosit oleh sel retikulo endotel. Disamping itu sekitar 20% bilirubin
berasal dari perombakan zat-zat lain. Sel retikulo endotel membuat bilirudbin
tidak larut dalam air; bilirubin yang disekresikan dalam darah harus diikatkan
pada albumin untuk diangkut dalam plasma untuk menuju hati. Di dalam hati, sel
hepatosit melepaskan ikatan itu dan mengkonjugasikannya dengan asam glukoronat
sehingga bersifat larut air, dimana reaksi ini melibatka enzim glukoroni
transferase (Joy ce, 2007).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Bilirubin terkonjugasi
masuk ke saluran empedu dan dieksresikan ke usus. Selanjutnya flora usus akan
mengubahnya menjadi urobilinogen dan dibuang melalui feses serta sebagian kecil
dibuang melalui urine. Bilirubin yang terkonjugasi akan dengan cepat bereaksi
dengan asam sulfanil yang terdiazotasi membentuk azobilirubin atau bilirubin
langsung (direct bilirubin). Bilirubin terkonjugasi yang merupakan bilirubin
bebas yang terikat albumin harus terlebih dahulu dicampur dengan alcohol,
kafein, atau pelarut lain sebelum dapat bereaksi, dan sering disebut sebagai
bilirubin tidak langsung (indirect bilirubin) (Joy ce, 2007).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Peningkatan kadar
bilirubin direct menunjukan adanya gangguan pada hati berupa kerusakan pada sel
hati atau kerusakan pada saluran empedu (batu atau tumor). Bilirubin terkonjugasi
tidak dapat keluar dari empedu menuju usus sehinga akan masuk kembali dan
terabsorbsi ke dalam aliran darah. Sedangkan peningkatan kadar bilirubin indirect
sering dikaitkan dengan peningkatan destruksi eritrosit (hemolisis), seperti
pada penyakit hemolitik oleh autoimun, transfuse, atau eritroblastosis fatalis.
Peningkatan destruksi eritrosi tidak diimbangi dengan kecepatan konjugasi dan
ekresi ke saluiran<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>empedu sehingga
terjadi peningkatan kadar bilirubin indirect (Joy ce, 2007).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Peningkatan kadar bilirubin
yang berlebih dapat disebabkan oleh beberapa faktor diantaranya yaitu :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Hemolisis
akibat inkompaktibilitas ABO atau isoimunisasi Rhesus, defisiensi G6PD,
sferositosis herediter dan pengaruh obat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Infeksi,
septicemia, sepsis, meningitis, infeksi saluran kemih, infeksi intrauterine.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Polisitemia.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Ekstravasasi
sel darah merah, sefalhematom, kontusio, trauma lahir.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Ibu
diabetes.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Asidosis.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Hipoksia/asfiksia.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Sumbatan
traktus digestif yang mengakibatkan peningkatan sirkulasi enterohepatik.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Dalam uji laboratorium,
bilirubin diperiksa sebagai bilirubin total dan bilirubin direct. Sedangkan
bilirubin indirect diperhitungkan dari selisih antara bilirubin total dengan
bilirubin direct. Metode pengukuran yang digunakan adalah fotometri atau
spektrofotometri yang mengukur intensitas warna azobilirubin. Nilai rujukan :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">DEWASA<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">T</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">otal : 0,1±1,2 mg/dL</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Direct : 0,1 ±0,3 mg/dL</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Indirect : 0,1-1,0 mg/dL</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">ANAK</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">: </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">T</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">otal : 0,2±0,8 mg/dL</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Indirect :
sama dengan dewasa</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">BAYI BARU LAHIR</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">: </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">T</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">otal : 1±12 mg/d</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">L</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Indirect : sama dengan dewasa </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">(Joy ce, 2007</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Bilirubin
Total dan Direct</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Peningkatan kadar dari
bilirubin total dan direct dapat terjadi akibat ikterik obstruktif karena batu
atau neoplasma empedu, hepatitis, sirosis hati, mononucleosis infeksiosa,
metastasis hati, penyakit Wilson.
Selain terjadi akibat penyakit dapat pula terjadi akibat penggunaan obat
misalnya yaitu : antibiotik (amfoterisin B, klindamisin, eritromisin,
gentamisin, linkomisin, oksasilin, tetrasiklin), sulfonamide, obat
antituberkulosis (asam paraaminosalisilat, isoniazid), alupurinol, diuretic
(asetazolamid, asametakrinat), mitramisis, dekstran, diazepam (valium),
barbiturate, narkotik (kodein, morfin, meperidin), flurazepam, indometasin,
metotreksat, metildopa, papaverin, prokainamid, steroid, kontrasepsi oral,
torbutamid, serta vitaminA,C,K. sedangkan penurunan kadar dari bilirubin total
dan direct dapat disebabkan karena anemia defisiensi besi dan pengaruh obat
seperti barbiturate, salisilat (aspirin), penisilin, kafein dalam dosis tinggi
(Joy ce, 2007).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Bilirubin
Indirect</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Peningkatan kadar dari
bilirubin indirect dapat disebabkan oleh eritroblastosis fetalis, anemia sel
sabit, reaksi tranfusi, malaria, anemia pernisiosa, septicemia, anemia
hemolitik, talesemia,CHF, sirosis terdekompensasi, hepatitis, dan pengaruh obat
seperti aspirin, rifampin dan fenotiazin. Sedangkan penurunan kadar bilirubin
indirect disebabkan karena pengaruh obat (Joy ce, 2007).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Pemeriksaan bilirubin
dalam urin berdasarkan reaksi antara garam diasonium dengan bilirubin dalam
suasana asam, yang menimbulkan warna biru atau ungu tua. Garam diazonium
terdiri dari p-nitrobenzene diazonium dan p-toluene sulfonate, sedangkan asam
yang dipakai adalah asam sulfosalisilat. Adanya bilirubin 0,05-1 mg/dL urin
akan memberikan hasil positif dan keadaan ini menunjukan kelainan fungsi hati
atau saluran empedu. Hasil positif palsu dapat terjadi bila dalam urin terdapat
mefenamic acid, chlorpromazine dengan kadar yang tinggi, sedangkan negatif
palsu dapat terjadi bila urin mengandung metabolit pyidium atau serenium (Joy
ce, 2007).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Faktor-faktor yang
dapat mempengaruhi temuan laboratorium :</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Makan malam
yang mengandung lemak tinggi sebelum pemeriksaan dapat mempengaruhi kadar
bilirubin.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Hemolisis
pada sampel darah dapat mempengaruhi hasil pemeriksaan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Sampel
darah yang terpapar sinar matahari atau terang lampu, kandungan pigmen
empedunya akan menurun.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Obat-obatan
tertentu dapat meningkatkan atau menurunkan kadar blirubin (Joy ce, 2007).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Metode pengukuran kadar bilirubin dapat dilakukan dengan menggunakan
berbagai macam metode yaitu :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></span><span class="hps"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Van den</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bergh</span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">,</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Malloy</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">dan</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Reaksi</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Evelyn</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Metode ini digunakan reagen Ehlirch diazo, dimana reagen ini bila
direaksikan dengan bilirubin direct dalam larutan berair akan membentuk
kompleks senyawa berwarna merah muda sampai ungu dalam waktu 1 menit, sedangkan
dalam larutan metil alcohol 50%, reagen Ehlirch diazo akan bereaksi dengan
bilirubin total membentuk warna merah muda sampai ungu pada waktu penangguhan
30 menit </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">(Anonim,
tt).</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jendrassik & Grof</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada metode ini, serum atau plasma ditambahkan ke dalam larutan
natrium asetat dan kefein-natrium benzoat. Natrium asetat berfungsi sebagai
buffer pH pada reaksi diazo, sedangkan natrium benzoate-kafein berfungsi
mempercepat kopling bilirubin dengan diazotized asam sulfanilic. Warna azobilirubin
muncul dalam waktu 10 menit </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">(Anonim, tt).</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ASTRA</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Metode ini merupakan modifikasi dari metode
Jendrassik & Grof </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">(Anonim,
tt).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ACA</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Untuk
bilirubin terkonjugasi : bilirubin terkonjugasi bereaksi dengan DSA dalam
suasana asam membentuk kromofor merah. Absorbansi kromofor sebanding dengan
bilirubin terkonjugasi yang terdapat di dalam serum. Pengukuran dilakukan pada
panjang gelombang 540-600 nm.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Conjugated bilirubin +
DSA + H+ 6 Red chromophore </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(non-absorbing at 540 nm)</span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span></span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(absorbs at 540 nm) </span></span></div>
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 42.55pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">(Anonim, tt).</span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 58.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk bilirubin total : bilirubin total akan bereaksi dengan DSA
dalam suasana asam membentuk kromofor berwarna merah. Lithium deodesil sulfat
(OSZA) digunakan untuk melarutkan bilirubin tak terkonjugasi. Absorbansi
kromofor berbanding lurus dengan bilirubin dalam sampel dan diukur dengan
menggunakan panjang gelombang 540-600 nm. </span></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 42.55pt .75in 58.5pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-no-proof: yes;"><img height="61" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/User/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.jpg" width="441" /></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></span></div>
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 42.55pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">(Anonim, tt).</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Prinsip pemeriksaan dari uji kadar bilirubin ini adalah r</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">eaksi bilirubin dengan asam sulfanilic diazotized
akan membentuk kompleks azobilirubin. Kompleks warna yang terbentuk sangat
tergantung pada pH,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pada suasana asam
atau netral akan terbentuk kompleks warna merah muda, sedangkan pada suasana
basa akan terbentuk kompleks warna biru atau ungu. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-no-proof: yes;"><img height="33" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/User/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.jpg" width="492" /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 10;"> </span>(Anonim,</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">tt)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.4<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Alat
dan Bahan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Alat</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Tabung reaksi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Pipet ukur</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Alat spektrofotometri</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bahan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Aquades</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Serum</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Asam sulfanilat</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Pereaksi diazo</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Methanol</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.5<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Cara
Kerja</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Penentuan Kadar Bilirubin Total dalam Serum :</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Dibuat pereaksi diazo : 10 mL larutan asam
sulfanilat dicampur dengan 0,3 mL Natrium Nitrit.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">↓</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Dicampur bahan uji
dengan perbandingan sebagai berikut :</span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; margin-left: 41.4pt; width: 540px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 110.55pt;" valign="top" width="147">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 107.15pt;" valign="top" width="143">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Test (T)</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 109.15pt;" valign="top" width="146">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Blanko (Bl)</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 78.15pt;" valign="top" width="104">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Standar</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 110.55pt;" valign="top" width="147">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Aquades (mL)</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 107.15pt;" valign="top" width="143">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">1</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 109.15pt;" valign="top" width="146">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">1</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 78.15pt;" valign="top" width="104">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">1</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 110.55pt;" valign="top" width="147">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Serum/ plasma (mL)</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 107.15pt;" valign="top" width="143">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">0,1</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 109.15pt;" valign="top" width="146">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">0,1</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 78.15pt;" valign="top" width="104">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">0,1 </span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 110.55pt;" valign="top" width="147">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Asam sulfanilat (mL)</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 107.15pt;" valign="top" width="143">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">-</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 109.15pt;" valign="top" width="146">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">0,3</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 78.15pt;" valign="top" width="104">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">0,</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">1</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 110.55pt;" valign="top" width="147">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Pereaksi diazo (mL)</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 107.15pt;" valign="top" width="143">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">0,3</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 109.15pt;" valign="top" width="146">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">-</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 78.15pt;" valign="top" width="104">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">0,3</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 110.55pt;" valign="top" width="147">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Metanol (mL)</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 107.15pt;" valign="top" width="143">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">1,5</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 109.15pt;" valign="top" width="146">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">1,5</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 78.15pt;" valign="top" width="104">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">1,5</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">↓</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Dicampurkan dan ditangguhan selama 30 menit</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">↓</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">D</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">ibaca </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">dengan spektrofotometer </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">pada panjang gelombang 530 nm dengan titik nol
aquades.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">↓</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Digunakan standar 10 mg%, dibaca absorbansinya
pada </span><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">l</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> 530 nm.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">↓</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-indent: .25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Prosedur nomor 2 dilakukan
sebanyak 2 kali.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Penentuan Direct Bilirubin</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Dibuat pereaksi diazo : 10 mL larutan asam
sulfanilat dicampur dengan 0,3 mL Natrium Nitrit. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">↓</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Dibuat campuran bahan
uji dengan perbandingan sebagai berikut :</span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; margin-left: 41.4pt; width: 510px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 110.55pt;" valign="top" width="147">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 87.45pt;" valign="top" width="117">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Test (T)</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 88.3pt;" valign="top" width="118">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Blanko (Bl) </span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 96.15pt;" valign="top" width="128">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Standar </span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 110.55pt;" valign="top" width="147">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Aquades (mL)</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 87.45pt;" valign="top" width="117">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">1</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 88.3pt;" valign="top" width="118">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">1</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 96.15pt;" valign="top" width="128">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">1</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 110.55pt;" valign="top" width="147">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Serum / plasma (mL)</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 87.45pt;" valign="top" width="117">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">0,1</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 88.3pt;" valign="top" width="118">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">0,1</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 96.15pt;" valign="top" width="128">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">-</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 110.55pt;" valign="top" width="147">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Asam sulfanilat (mL)</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 87.45pt;" valign="top" width="117">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">-</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 88.3pt;" valign="top" width="118">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">0,3</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 96.15pt;" valign="top" width="128">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">0,3</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 110.55pt;" valign="top" width="147">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Pereaksi diazo (mL)</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 87.45pt;" valign="top" width="117">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">0,3</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 88.3pt;" valign="top" width="118">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">-</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 96.15pt;" valign="top" width="128">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">0,3</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 110.55pt;" valign="top" width="147">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Metanol </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">(mL)</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 87.45pt;" valign="top" width="117">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">-</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 88.3pt;" valign="top" width="118">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">-</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 96.15pt;" valign="top" width="128">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">0,1</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">↓</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Dilakukan sebanyak dua kali
prosedur di atas.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">↓</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Dicampur dan di</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">diam</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">kan selama 10 menit.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">↓</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Dibaca pada panjang gelombang 530 nm dengan titik
nol aquades.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">↓</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Dicatat absorbansinya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.6<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hasil
Pemeriksaan & Interpretasi Hasil</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-indent: .25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Hasil Pengamatan Kadar Bilirubin Total</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Standar <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>=
0,0</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">15</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Blanko</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> A</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>= 0,0</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">20</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Blanko B <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>= 0,033</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Test</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> A</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>= 0,0</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">42</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Test B<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>= 0,017</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Perhitungan
:</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Test A</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Total bilirubin=</span><img height="34" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/User/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" width="396" /><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>= </span><img height="33" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/User/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image008.gif" width="187" /><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>= </span><a href="http://adf.ly/9xnK5" target="_blank"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">14,67</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> mg %</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Test B</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Total bilirubin = </span><img height="34" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/User/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" width="396" /><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>= </span><img height="33" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/User/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image010.gif" width="188" /><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>= </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">- 10,667</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> mg %</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Perhitungan total bilirubin
pada test B tidak dapat menunjukkan hasil karena menghasilkan nilai negatif.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Hasil
Pengamatan Kadar Bilirubin Direct</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .75in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Standar<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>=
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">0,001</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .75in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Blanko</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> A</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>= 0,0</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">14</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .75in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Blanko B<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>= 0,025</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .75in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Test A</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>=
0,0</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">34</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .75in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Test B<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>= 0,080</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .75in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Perhitungan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>:</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Test A</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Total bilirubin = </span><img height="34" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/User/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" width="396" /><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>= </span><img height="33" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/User/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image012.gif" width="188" /><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 14.2pt 134.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>= </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">200</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> mg %</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Test B</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Total bilirubin</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">= </span><img height="34" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/User/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" width="396" /><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">= </span><img height="34" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/User/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image014.gif" width="188" /><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 14.2pt 134.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>= </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">550</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> mg %</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Interpretasi Hasil</span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Fraksi
terkonjugasi (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">direct bilirubin</i>)
adalah fraksi yang larut dalam air sehingga dapat diekskresi oleh ginjal.
Ketika dilakukan perhitungan dengan metode Van den Bergh, total serum bilirubin
total konsentrasinya 17 mmol/L atau 1 mg/dL, lebih dari 80% dari bilirubin
total atau 5,1 µmol/L (0,3 mg/dL) adalah nilai normal direct bilirubin
(Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine 17<sup>th</sup> Edition).</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Peningkatan
konsentrasi bilirubin total plasma (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">unconjugated/indirect
bilirubin</i>) menunjukkan adanya peningkatan produksi bilirubin total plasma,
penyakit hemolisis. Sedangkan peningkatan konsentrasi direct bilirubin
menunjukkan kelainan hereditas, kerusakan sel-sel hati. </span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Pada hasil perhitungan bilirubin total dan direct bilirubin yang didapat
saat praktikum, test A memiliki nilai total bilirubin > 0,1 mg/dL, yaitu 14,
67 mg/dL, dan untuk test B, yaitu -10,667 mg/dL. Untuk test A, nilainya jauh
melebihi batas normal, maka dapat dikatakan terjadi hemolisis eritropoesis pada
pasien A. Sedangkan untuk test B, hasil yang didapatkan memiliki nilai negatif
(-10,667 mg/dL), sehingga tidak dapat diinterpretasikan. Perhitungan untuk
direct bilirubin, nilainya pada test A = 200 mg/dL, dan pada test B = 550
mg/dL. Nilai ini sangat tinggi sehingga ada kemungkinan pada kedua pasien
mengalami kelainan hereditas.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.7<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pembahasan</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Pada praktikum kali ini
dilakukan penentuan kadar bilirubin total dan kadar bilirubin direct. Reaksi
bilirubin dengan asam sulfanilic diazotized akan membentuk kompleks
azobilirubin. Kompleks warna yang terbentuk sangat tergantung pada pH,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pada suasana asam atau netral akan terbentuk
kompleks warna merah muda, sedangkan pada suasana basa akan terbentuk kompleks
warna biru atau ungu. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-no-proof: yes;"><img height="33" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/User/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.jpg" width="492" /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 6;"> </span>(Anonim,tt).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Bilirubin merupakan pigmen
kuning yang berasal dari perombakan heme dari hemoglobin dalam proses pemecahan
eritrosit oleh sel retikulo endotel. Sel retikulo endotel membuat bilirubin
tidak larut dalam air; bilirubin yang disekresikan dalam darah harus diikatkan
pada albumin untuk diangkut dalam plasma untuk menuju hati (Joyce,2007).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Dari hasil praktikum penentuan
kadar total bilirubin dilakukan dengan menggunakan reagen diazo untuk membentuk
kompleks warna yang nantinya dapat diukur dengan spektrofotometri. Penggunaan
asam sulfanilat dalam reagen diazo ini berfungsi untuk memberikan suasana asam
sehingga membantu pembentuk kompleks warna, sedangkan penambahan metil alcohol
berfungsi untuk memberikan suasana basa, sehingga kompleks yang terbentuk akan
berwarna merah muda sampai ungu.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Larutan
ditangguhkan selama 30 menit bertujuan agar garam diazonium bereaksi sempurna
dengan bilirubin yang terdapat dalam serum. Dari hasil pengamatan didapatkan
bahwa, nilai absorbansi standar sebesar 0,0</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">15</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">, blanko</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">sebesar
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">A</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> 0,0</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">20 dan blanko B 0,033</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">, dan absorbansi test</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> A</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> yaitu 0,0</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">42 test B yaitu 0,017 </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">sehingga nilai total bilirubin </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">A </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">didapatkan sebesar </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">14,67</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> mg</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">/dL, dan untuk test B sebesar -10,667 mg/dL,</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> dimana nilai ini total<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>untuk dewasa yaitu : 0,1±1,2 mg/dL. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Hasil negatif pada test B
mungkin disebabkan oleh kesalahan pada saat pengerjaan, seperti pemipetan yang
kurang akurat sehingga kadar total bilirubin yang rendah terbaca. Peningkatan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">nilai ini diakibatkan karena beberapa faktor
misalnya yaitu:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Hemolisis
akibat inkompaktibilitas ABO atau isoimunisasi Rhesus, defisiensi G6PD,
sferositosis herediter dan pengaruh obat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Infeksi,
septicemia, sepsis, meningitis, infeksi saluran kemih, infeksi intrauterine.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Polisitemia.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Ekstravasasi
sel darah merah, sefalhematom, kontusio, trauma lahir.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Ibu
diabetes.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Asidosis.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Hipoksia/asfiksia.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Sumbatan
traktus digestif yang mengakibatkan peningkatan sirkulasi enterohepatik.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Dari hasil praktikum
penetuan kadar bilirubin direct juga dilakukan dengan menggunakan reagen diazo
dalam suasana asam dengan menggunakan asam sulfanilat. Bilirubin dalam serum
jika direaksikan dengan reagen diazo akan dapat membentuk kompleks warna yang
nantinya diukur intensitasnya dengan spektofotometri. Pada pengukuran ini
dilakukan penangguhan larutan selama 10 menit yang bertujuan agar bilirubin
bereaksi dengan garam diazonium dengan bilirubin yang terdapat di di dalam
serum. Dari hasil pengamatan didapatkan </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">a</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">bsorbansi
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">standar 0,001, blanko A 0,014,
blanko B 0,025, </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">test </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">A 0,034</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">, dan </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">test B</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> 0,0</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">80</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Nilai rujukan untuk
kadar bilirubin direc</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">t</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> yaitu: 0,1
±0,3 mg/dL. Dari hasil p</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">erhitungan, diperoleh nilai direct bilirubin yang
sangat tinggi di atas normal, yaitu 200 mg/dL untuk test A dan 550 mg/dL untuk
test B. <a href="http://www.blogger.com/goog_165181033">Hasil ini</a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">dapat </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">menunjukan </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">keadaan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">kelainan fungsi hati atau saluran empedu. Hasil positif palsu dapat
terjadi bila dalam urin terdapat mefenamic acid, chlorpromazine dengan kadar
yang tinggi, sedangkan negatif palsu dapat terjadi bila urin mengandung
metabolit pyidium atau serenium Peningkatan kadar bilirubin direct menunjukan
adanya gangguan pada hati berupa kerusakan pada sel hati atau kerusakan pada
saluran empedu (batu atau tumor). Bilirubin terkonjugasi tidak dapat keluar
dari empedu menuju usus sehinga akan masuk kembali dan terabsorbsi ke dalam
aliran darah (<a href="http://adf.ly/9xnK5" target="_blank">Joy ce,2007</a>).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Selain dapat menentukan
kadar bilirubin total dan bilirubin direct, juga dapat ditentukan kadar
bilirubin indirect, kadar bilirubin indirect dapat ditentukan dengan selisih
dari kadar total dengan kadar bilirubin direct.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Nilai rujukan untuk pengukuran kadar bilirubin indirect : 0,1-1,0 mg/dL.
Peningkatan kadar bilirubin indirect sering dikaitkan dengan peningkatan
destruksi eritrosit (hemolisis), seperti pada penyakit hemolitik oleh autoimun,
transfuse, atau eritroblastosis fatalis. Peningkatan destruksi eritrosi tidak
diimbangi dengan kecepatan konjugasi dan ekresi ke saluiran<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>empedu sehingga terjadi peningkatan kadar
bilirubin indirect (Joy ce,2007).</span></div><div class="blogger-post-footer">Terimakasih telah mengunjungi blog ini..
Sangat menerima kritik dan saran untuk kemajuan blog ini..
Silakan meninggalkan komentar di box komentar..</div>thedfreezehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01513202399201124188noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2935197874324929025.post-81109455098132725532012-06-22T21:49:00.002+08:002012-06-22T21:49:58.610+08:00Uji Kadar γ-Globulin : Metode Biuret<span class="”fullpost”">
</span><br />
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<b><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">Uji
Kadar </span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="http://adf.ly/9xnK5" target="_blank">γ-Globulin</a> : Metode Biuret</span></b><b><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;"></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.1<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tujuan</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk menentukkan kadar gamma
globulin dalam darah dengan metode Biuret.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.2<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Metode yang Digunakan</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Metode
Biuret</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.3<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Prinsip Pemeriksaan</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Reagen biuret
bereaksi dengan gamma globulin (protein) melalui ikatan peptide dan membentuk
kompleks berwarna violet. Intensitas warna yang dihasilkan sebanding dengan
kadar gamma globulin dalam sampel. Intensitas warna diukur dengan metode
kalorimetri menggunakan spektrofotometer.</span></div>
<a name='more'></a><br />
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -33.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.4<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Alat dan Bahan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Alat</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tabung
reaksi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pipet
volume</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sentrifugator</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kertas
saring</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bahan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pereaksi
gamma globulin (Bio Analitika<sup>®</sup>)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pereaksi
Biuret</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Larutan
NaCl 0,9%</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Standar
protein (Bio Analitika<sup>®</sup>)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -33.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.5<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Cara Kerja</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengendapan
Protein</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dimasukkan
2,4 ml pereaksi gamma globulin ke dalam tabung sentrifugasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">↓</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ditambahkan
0,1 ml serum ke dalam tabung secara hati-hati</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">↓</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dicampurkan
dengan memusingkan tabung secara manual selama 1 menit</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>↓</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dipusingkan
dengan sentrifugasi selama 15 menit dengan kecepatan 3000 rpm</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>↓</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sentrifugat
dituang dengan hati-hati (sisa sentrifugat yang melekat pada dinding tabung
dibersihkan)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>↓</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Presipitat
dipakai untuk pemeriksaan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemeriksaan
dengan Spektrofotometer</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dibuat
larutan sesuai dengan tabel berikut</span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; margin-left: 59.4pt; width: 366px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 129.15pt;" valign="top" width="172">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 37.15pt;" valign="top" width="50">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Tes</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 56.5pt;" valign="top" width="75">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Standar
</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 51.5pt;" valign="top" width="69">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Blanko</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 129.15pt;" valign="top" width="172">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Presipitat</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 37.15pt;" valign="top" width="50">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">+++</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 56.5pt;" valign="top" width="75">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">-</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 51.5pt;" valign="top" width="69">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">-</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 129.15pt;" valign="top" width="172">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Larutan
NaCl 0,9%, ml</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 37.15pt;" valign="top" width="50">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1,0</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 56.5pt;" valign="top" width="75">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">0,9</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 51.5pt;" valign="top" width="69">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1,0</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 129.15pt;" valign="top" width="172">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Standar
protein, ml</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 37.15pt;" valign="top" width="50">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">-</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 56.5pt;" valign="top" width="75">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">0,1</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 51.5pt;" valign="top" width="69">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">-</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 129.15pt;" valign="top" width="172">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Biuret,
ml</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 37.15pt;" valign="top" width="50">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3,0</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 56.5pt;" valign="top" width="75">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3,0</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 51.5pt;" valign="top" width="69">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3,0</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>↓</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dicampurkan,
ditangguhkan selama 30 menit</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>↓</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dibaca
pada panjang gelombang 540 nm dengan spektrofotometer</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -33.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.6<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hasil Pemeriksaan &
Interpretasi Hasil</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hasil
Pengamatan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 1.75in 2.0in 175.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Diketahui <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>D<sub>tA</sub><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>= 0,095</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 1.75in 2.0in 175.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>D<sub>tB<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></sub>= 0,094</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 1.75in 2.0in 175.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>D<sub>st<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></sub>= 0,062</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 1.75in 2.0in 175.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Kadar
standar<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>= 2 g%</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 1.75in 2.0in 175.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Kadar
normal<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>= 0,7-1,7 g%</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 1.75in 2.0in 175.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ditanya<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>kadar gamma globulin serum A = ?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 1.75in 2.0in 175.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>kadar
gamma globulin serum B = ?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 1.75in 2.0in 175.5pt 301.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jawab<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>kadar
gamma globulin serum A <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>= </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><img height="34" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/User/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" width="152" /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 1.75in 2.0in 175.5pt 301.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>=
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><img height="33" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/User/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.gif" width="93" /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 1.75in 2.0in 175.5pt 301.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>=
3,06 g%</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 1.75in 2.0in 175.5pt 301.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>kadar gamma globulin serum A <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>= </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><img height="34" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/User/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" width="152" /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 1.75in 2.0in 175.5pt 301.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>=
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><img height="33" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/User/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image008.gif" width="93" /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 1.75in 2.0in 175.5pt 301.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>=
<a href="http://adf.ly/9xnK5" target="_blank">3,03 g%</a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Interpretasi
Hasil</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kadar gamma globulin pada serum A
dan serum B berada di atas kadar normal gamma globulin. Tingginya kadar gamma
globulin dapat menandai adanya infeksi dalam tubuh (antibodi merupakan salah
satu contoh gamma globulin). Tingginya kadar gamma globulin juga
mengindikasikan adanya masalah di hati, misalnya <i>chronic liver desease</i>,
sirosis hati, atau penyakit autoimun seperti lupus.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -33.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.7<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pembahasan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemeriksaan gamma globulin pada serum bertujuan
untuk mengetahui kadar gamma globulin pada serum. Praktikum ini menggunakan
pereaksi gama globulin yang berperan dalam pengendapan protein ketika serum
disentrifugasi. Pengendapan ini akan membuat gamma globulin terpisah dari
larutan sehingga dapat ditetapkan kadarnya. Presipitat atau endapan gamma
globulin yang diperoleh kemudian ditambahkan NaCl 0,9% untuk melarutkan gamma
globulin. Kemudian dilakukan penambahan reagen biuret.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: AF;">Dalam pereaksi
biuret terkandung 3 macam reagen yaitu reagen yang pertama adalah CuSO<sub>4</sub>
dalam aquadest dimana reagen ini berfungsi sebagai penyedia ion Cu<sup>2+</sup>
yang nantinya akan membentuk kompleks dengan protein. Reagen yang kedua adalah
K-Na-Tartrat yang berfungsi untuk mencegah terjadinya reduksi pada Cu<sup>2+</sup>
sehingga tidak mengendap. Reagen yang ketiga adalah NaOH dimana fungsinya
adalah membuat suasana basa. Suasana basa akan membantu pembentukan Cu(OH)<sub>2</sub><sup>
</sup>yang nantinya akan menjadi Cu<sup>2+</sup> dan 2OH<sup>-</sup>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ion Cu<sup>2+</sup>
dalam pereaksi biuret akan bereaksi dengan ikatan protein dalam gamma globulin
yang kemudian akan menimbulkan warna ungu. Intensitas warna yang dihasilkan
sebanding dengan kadar gamma globulin dalam sampel. Intensitas warna kemudian
diukur dengan metode spektrofotometri pada panjang gelombang 540 nm. Sebelum
dilakukan pengukuran larutan standard dan larutan tes, dilakukan pengukuran
larutan blanko. Hal ini bertujuan untuk mengurangi kesalahan pengukuran akibat
pembacaan serapan oleh pelarut dan pereaksi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: AF;">Reaksi yang
terjadi pada penetapan kadar protein (albumin merupakan salah satu jenis
protein) dengan metode Biuret adalah :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 2.5in 219.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 273px; margin-top: 2px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 37px; z-index: 2;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/User/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image009.gif" width="37" /></span><span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: AF;">CuSO<sub>4</sub>.5H<sub>2</sub>O
+ 2NaOH<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Cu(OH)<sub>2</sub>+Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>+5H<sub>2</sub>O</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 2.5in 219.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="height: 171px; left: 0px; margin-left: 53px; margin-top: 23px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 511px; z-index: -4;"><img height="171" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/User/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image011.jpg" width="511" /></span><span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 171px; margin-top: 6px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 37px; z-index: 3;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/User/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image012.gif" width="37" /></span><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: relative; z-index: 4;"><span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; left: 176px; position: absolute; top: -2px; width: 37px;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/User/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image013.gif" width="37" /></span></span><span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: AF;">Cu(OH)<sub>2</sub> <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Cu<sup>2+</sup><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>+<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2OH<sup>-</sup></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: AF;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kadar
gamma globulin normal dalam serum adalah 0,7 – 1,7 gr %.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Stelah dilakukan pengukuran absorbansi dan
perhitungan, didapatkan bahwa kadar gamma globulin padaa serum A dan B,
masing-masing sebesar 3,06 gr % dan 3,03 gr %. Tingginya kadar gamma globulin
dapat menandai adanya infeksi dalam tubuh (antibodi merupakan salah satu contoh
gamma globulin). Tingginya kadar gamma globulin juga mengindikasikan adanya
masalah di hati, misalnya <i>chronic liver desease</i>, sirosis hati, atau
penyakit autoimun seperti lupus.</span></div><div class="blogger-post-footer">Terimakasih telah mengunjungi blog ini..
Sangat menerima kritik dan saran untuk kemajuan blog ini..
Silakan meninggalkan komentar di box komentar..</div>thedfreezehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01513202399201124188noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2935197874324929025.post-83123062254313541482012-06-22T21:47:00.004+08:002012-06-22T21:47:59.325+08:00Uji Kadar Albumin Serum : Metode Biuret<span class="”fullpost”">
</span><br />
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Uji Kadar Albumin Serum : Metode Biuret</span></b><b><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<b><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.1<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">Tujuan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk
mengetahui kadar albumin dalam serum atau plasma degan metode biuret</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<b><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.2<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">Metode
yang Digunakan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<a href="http://adf.ly/9xnK5" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">MetodeBiuret</span></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<b><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.3<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">Prinsip
Pemeriksaan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Serum atau plasma yang mengandung albumin bila
direaksikan dengan pereaksi biuret maka akan terbentuk kompleks berwarna biru
atau ungu yang dapat diukur absorbansinya dengan spektrofotometri visible pada
panjang gelombang 540-546 nm. Pada praktikum ini, panjang gelombang yang
digunakan adalah 546 nm.</span></div>
<a name='more'></a><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<b><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.4<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">Alat
dan Bahan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">Alat</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tabung
reaksi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Rak
tabung reaksi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gelas
beaker</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pipet
tetes</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pipet
mikro</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sentrifugator</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Spektrofotometer</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">Bahan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Larutan
natrium sulfit 25%</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sampel
Serum atau plasma</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Eter</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Standar
albumin 4% b/v (Bio Analitika<sup>®</sup>)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pereaksi
biuret</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Aquadest</span><b><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;"></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<b><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.5<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">Cara
Kerja</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dimasukkan 2 ml larutan natrium
sulfit 25% ke dalam tabung reaksi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">↓</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tambahkan 0,2 ml serum atau plasma
dan 2 ml eter, campur hingga homogeny, tabung ditutup dan dikocok kuat-kuat
selama 10 detik.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">↓</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tabung disentrifugasi, lalu eter
dan larutan protein (lapisan atas) dikeluarkan dengan penghisap atau tabung
dimiringkan dan cairan diambil dengan pipet mikro</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">↓</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Laruta yang tersisa mengandung
albumin (lapisan bawah) yang selanjutnya akan dibuat tes, standar, dan blanko.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">↓</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penyiapan larutan tes menggunakan
0,5 ml larutan albumin ditambah dengan 0,5 ml perekasi biuret. Larutan tersebut
kemudian diencerkan degan 1,00 ml aquadest</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">↓</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penyiapan larutan standar
menggunakan 0,5 ml larutan standar 4% b/v ditambah dengan 0,5 ml perekasi
biuret. Larutan tersebut kemudian diencerkan dengan 1 ml aquadest.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">↓</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penyiapan larutan blanko menggunakan
0,5 ml aquadest ditambah dengan 0,5 ml perekasi biuret. Larutan tersebut
kemudian diencerkan dengan 1 ml aquadest.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">↓</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Semua campuran dikocok hingga
homogeny lalu didiamkan selama 20 menit</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">↓</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dibaca absorbansi seluruh tabung
dengan spektrofotometer dengan panjang gelumbung 546 nm. Kadar albumin pada
larutan tes =</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><img height="34" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/User/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" width="333" /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<b><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.6<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">Hasil
Pemeriksaan & Interpretasi Hasil</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hasil
Pengamatan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 1.75in 2.0in 175.5pt 256.5pt 3.75in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Data<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Absorbansi standar <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>=<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>0,292</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 1.75in 2.0in 175.5pt 256.5pt 3.75in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Absorbansi tes 2<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>=<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>0,193</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: .5in 2.0in 175.5pt 256.5pt 3.75in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Perhitungan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 1.75in 2.0in 175.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Diketahui <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>D<sub>t</sub><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>= 0,095</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 1.75in 2.0in 175.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>D<sub>st<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></sub>= 0,062</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 1.75in 2.0in 175.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Kadar
standar<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>= 4 % b/v</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 1.75in 2.0in 175.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Kadar
normal<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>= <span style="color: #0d0d0d;">3,4
– 5,0 g/dL</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 1.75in 2.0in 175.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ditanya<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>kadar albumin serum tes 2 = ?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 1.75in 2.0in 175.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jawab<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 1.75in 2.0in 175.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">kadar albumin serum test 2 = </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><img height="34" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/User/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.gif" width="212" /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 2.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>= </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><img height="34" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/User/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" width="91" /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 1.75in 2.0in 175.5pt 189.0pt 4.0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>= <a href="http://adf.ly/9xnK5" target="_blank">2,64% b/v</a></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Intepretasi
Hasil</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: AF;">Didapatkan hasil kadar albumin dalam serum adalah 2,64 %
b/v atau 2,64 g/dL. Kadar ini berada di bawah rentang kadar normal yaitu </span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3,4 – 5,0 g/dL. Hasil ini menunjukkan kadar albumin yang rendah
pada pasien. Kadar albumin yang rendah pada pasien dapat disebabakan oleh b</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">erkurangnya
sintesis (produksi) albumin karena asupan protein kurang (malnutrisi), kelainan
genetik, kerusakan jaringan, gangguan penyerapan protein(malabsorbsi), penyakit
hati sehingga tempat produksi albumin terganggu, kebocoran protein melalui
ginjal, dan lain-lain.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<b><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.7<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">Pembahasan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: AF;">Pada percobaan
kali ini dilakukan penetapan kadar albumin dengan metode biuret dengan
menggunakan spektrofotometer. Prinsip metode ini adalah pengukuran serapan
cahaya kompleks berwarna ungu dari protein yang bereaksi dengan pereaksi biuret
dimana, yang membentuk kompleks adalah protein dengan ion Cu<sup>2+</sup> yang
terdapat dalam pereaksi biuret dalam suasana basa. Semakin tinggi absorbansi
yang diberikan, semakin tinggi pula kandungan albumin yang terdapat di dalam
serum tersebut.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: AF;">Dalam pereaksi
biuret terkandung 3 macam reagen yaitu reagen yang pertama adalah CuSO<sub>4</sub>
dalam aquadest dimana reagen ini berfungsi sebagai penyedia ion Cu<sup>2+</sup>
yang nantinya akan membentuk kompleks dengan protein. Reagen yang kedua adalah
K-Na-Tartrat yang berfungsi untuk mencegah terjadinya reduksi pada Cu<sup>2+</sup>
sehingga tidak mengendap. Reagen yang ketiga adalah NaOH dimana fungsinya
adalah membuat suasana basa. Suasana basa akan membantu pembentukan Cu(OH)<sub>2</sub><sup>
</sup>yang nantinya akan menjadi Cu<sup>2+</sup> dan 2OH<sup>-</sup>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: AF;">Pada tabung
dimasukkan Natrium sulfit 25% sebnyak 2 mL ini kemudian dimasukkan sampel
plasma 0,2 mL dan 2 mL kemudian dikocok kuat. Penambahan natrium sulfit dan
eter ini adalah berguna untuk memisahkan antara albumin dengan protein plasma
lainnya seperti globulin, fibrinogen dan lain-lain. Selanjutnya didiamkan
hingga terbentuk 2 lapisan cairan, lapisan atas terdiri dari eter dan protein
plasma lainnya. Sedangkan bagian bawah mengandung albumin sehingga lapisan
bagian atas dibuang dan lapisan bagian bawah kemudian ditambahkan dengan
pereaksi biuret dan dikocok.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: AF;">Pada saat
sampel dikocok, jangan sampai menimbulkan buih karena akan mempengaruhi
pengukuran absorbansi. Dan setelah ditetesi pereaksi biuret, sampel didiamkan
selama 14-30 menit. 30 menit ini merupakan <i>operating time</i> yaitu waktu
yang dibutuhkan agar seluruh reaktan/protein bereaksi seluruhnya dengan reagen.
Setelah 30 menit, maka sampel diukur absorbansinya dengan alat spektrofotometer
dengan panjang gelombang 540-546 nm. Panjang gelombang 540 nm merupakan panjang
gelombang serapan maksimum untuk warna ungu. Namun digunakan pada panjang
gelombang 546 nm karena pada panjang gelombang 540 nm memberikan serapan
bernilai negatif. Reaksi yang terjadi pada penetapan kadar protein dengan
metode Biuret adalah :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 2.5in 219.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 273px; margin-top: 2px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 37px; z-index: 2;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/User/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image007.gif" width="37" /></span><span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: AF;">CuSO<sub>4</sub>.5H<sub>2</sub>O
+ 2NaOH<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Cu(OH)<sub>2</sub>+Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>+5H<sub>2</sub>O</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 2.5in 219.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 171px; margin-top: 6px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 37px; z-index: 3;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/User/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image008.gif" width="37" /></span><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: relative; z-index: 4;"><span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; left: 176px; position: absolute; top: -2px; width: 37px;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/User/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image009.gif" width="37" /></span></span><span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: AF;">Cu(OH)<sub>2</sub> <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Cu<sup>2+</sup><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>+<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2OH<sup>-</sup></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="height: 243px; left: 0px; margin-left: 6px; margin-top: 2px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 599px; z-index: -4;"><img height="243" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/User/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image011.jpg" width="599" /></span><span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: AF;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
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<span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: AF;">Setelah
dilakukan pengukuran terhadap standar dan tes didapatkan absorbansi larutan
standar adalah 0,292 dan absorbansi larutan test adalah 0,193 Perhitungan kadar
albumin dalam serum dilakukan dengan menggunakan rumus:</span></div>
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<span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: AF;">Kadar
Albumin total<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>= <i><span style="mso-text-raise: -15.0pt; position: relative; top: 15.0pt;"><img height="47" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/User/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image013.gif" width="144" /></span></i></span></div>
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<span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: AF;">sehingga didapatkan hasil kadar albumin dalam serum
adalah 2,64 % b/v atau 2,64 g/dL. Kadar ini berada di bawah<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>rentang kadar normal yaitu </span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3,4 – 5,0 g/dL. </span><span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: AF;">Didapatkan
hasil kadar albumin dalam serum adalah 2,64 % b/v atau 2,64 g/dL. Kadar ini
berada di bawah rentang kadar normal yaitu </span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3,4 – 5,0
g/dL. Hasil ini menunjukkan kadar albumin yang rendah pada pasien. Kadar
albumin yang rendah pada pasien dapat disebabakan oleh b</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">erkurangnya
sintesis (produksi) albumin karena asupan protein kurang (malnutrisi), kelainan
genetik, kerusakan jaringan, gangguan penyerapan protein (malabsorbsi),
penyakit hati sehingga tempat produksi albumin terganggu, kebocoran protein
melalui ginjal, dan lain-lain.</span></div><div class="blogger-post-footer">Terimakasih telah mengunjungi blog ini..
Sangat menerima kritik dan saran untuk kemajuan blog ini..
Silakan meninggalkan komentar di box komentar..</div>thedfreezehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01513202399201124188noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2935197874324929025.post-80303842295076578842012-06-22T21:46:00.001+08:002012-06-22T21:46:21.605+08:00Uji Kadar Total Protein Serum : Metode Biuret<span class="”fullpost”">
</span><br />
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</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Uji Kadar Total Protein Serum : Metode Biuret</span></b><b><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<b><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.1<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">Tujuan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Untuk mengetahui kadar protein dalam serum/plasma
dengan menggunakan metode biuret.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<b><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.2<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">Metode
yang Digunakan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<a href="http://adf.ly/9xnK5" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Metode Biuret</span></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<b><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.3<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">Prinsip
Pemeriksaan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Terbentuknya senyawa kompleks
berwarna <a href="http://adf.ly/9xnK5" target="_blank">ungu </a>antara protein dalam serum/plasma dengan reagen biuret. Semakin
pekat warna ungu yang dihasilkan maka kandungan protein yang terdapat dalam
serum/plasma akan semakin tinggi. Kompleks yang terbentuk adalah kompleks
koordinasi antara ion Cu<sup>2+</sup> dengan gugus –CO dan –NH dari rantai
peptide protein.</span></div>
<a name='more'></a><br />
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<br /></div>
<b><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="page-break-before: always;" />
</span></b>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<b><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.4<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">Alat
dan Bahan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">Alat</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Tabung reaksi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Pipet mikro</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Pipet ukur</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Spektrofotometri</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">Bahan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Aquades</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Pereaksi Biuret</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Standar protein (Bio
Analitika<sup>®</sup>)</span><b><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<b><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.5<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">Cara
Kerja</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Disiapkan 3 buah tabung reaksi, diberi label
blanko, standar, dan tesi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">↓</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Ditambahkan 0,1 ml serum ke dalam tabung secara
hati-hati</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">↓</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Dicampurkan dengan memusingkan tabung secara
manual selama 1 menit</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>↓</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Kedalam tabung tes, dimasukkan 2,5 ml pereaksi
biuret dan 0,05 ml sampel serum/plasma</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>↓</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Ketiga tabung uji digoyang-goyangkan dan
didiamkan selama 30 menit</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>↓</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Baca ketiga larutan tersebut pada
spektrofotometer ( λ = 546 nm )</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">↓</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Dibaca absorbansi untuk masing-masing larutan dan
dihitung kadar protein dalam serum/plasma</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<b><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.6<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">Hasil
Pemeriksaan &<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Interpretasi Hasil</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Hasil
Pengamatan :</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Absorbansi larutan standar = D<sub>st</sub> =
0,648</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Absorbansi larutan tes<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>= D<sub>t</sub><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>= 0,160</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Warna larutan setelah 30 menit</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Standar = ungu</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Blanko<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>=
biru</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Tes<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>=
biru keunguan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Perhitungan
:</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 1.75in 2.0in 175.5pt 301.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Kadar total protein <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>= </span><img height="34" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/User/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" width="149" /><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 1.75in 2.0in 175.5pt 301.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>=
</span><img height="33" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/User/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.gif" width="144" /><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>protein</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 1.75in 2.0in 175.5pt 301.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>=
1,704 gram % protein</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 1.75in 2.0in 175.5pt 301.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Nilai Normal = 6,6 – 8,5 gram % protein.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Intepretasi Hasil</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Kadar protein di dalam serum yaitu 1,704 gram %
protein. Nilai ini berada dibawah rentang nilai normal yaitu 6,6 – 8,5 gram %
protein. Hal ini kemungkinan disebabkan oleh protein dalam serum tidak berhasil
difiltrasi oleh glomerolus ginjal atau konsumen protein yang terlalu rendah
dari makanan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<b><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.7<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">Pembahasan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Pada percobaan kali ini dilakukan penetapan kadar protein
dengan metode Biuret dengan menggunakan spektrofotometer. Dimana prinsip dari
metode ini adalah pengukuran serapan cahaya kompleks berwarna ungu dari protein
yang bereaksi dengan pereaksi biuret dimana, yang membentuk kompleks adalah
protein dengan ion Cu<sup>2+</sup></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">yang terdapat
dalam pereaksi biuret dalam suasana basa. Semakin tinggi intensitas cahaya yang
diserap oleh alat maka semakin tinggi pula kandungan protein yang terdapat di
dalam serum tersebut</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Penetapan kadar protein dalam serum dengan metode Biuret
adalah pengukuran serapan cahaya kompleks berwarna ungu dari protein yang
bereaksi dengan pereaksi biuret dimana, yang membentuk kompleks adalah protein
dengan ion Cu<sup>2+</sup></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">yang terdapat
dalam pereaksi biuret dalam suasana basa. Semakin tinggi intensitas cahaya yang
diserap oleh alat maka semakin tinggi pula kandungan protein yang terdapat di
dalam serum tersebut.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Penyerapan cahaya oleh protein disebabkan oleh ikatan peptida
residu ritosil, triptofonil, dan fenilalanin. Juga turut dipengaruhi oleh
gugus-gugus non-protein yang mempunyai sifat menyerap cahaya. Penyerapan
maksimum albumin serum manusia terlihat pada panjang gelombang kira-kira 230 nm
(peptida) dan dengan puncak lebar pada 280 nm karena serapan residu-residu asam
amino aromatik. Spektrum absorbansi suatu larutan protein berfariasi tergantung
pada pH dan sesuai dengan ionisasi residu sama amino.</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Pada saat sampel dikocok, jangan sampai menimbulkan buih
karena akan mempengaruhi pengukuran absorbansi. Dan setelah ditetesi pereaksi
biuret, sampel didiamkan selama 30 menit. 30 menit ini merupakan</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><i><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">operating time</span></i><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">yaitu waktu yang dibutuhkan agar
seluruh reaktan/protein bereaksi seluruhnya dengan reagen. Setelah 30 menit,
maka sampel diukur absorbansinya dengan alat spektrofotometer dengan panjang
gelombang 546 nm. Panjang gelombang 546 nm merupakan panjang gelombang serapan
maksimum untuk warna ungu.</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Setelah dilakukan pengukuran terhadap standar
dan tes didapatkan absorbansi larutan standar adalah 0,648 dan absorbansi
larutan test adalah 0,160. Perhitungan kadar protein dalam serum dilakukan
dengan menggunakan rumus :</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><img height="37" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/User/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" width="182" /><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">sehingga
didapatkan hasil kadar protein dalam serum adalah 1,704 g% protein. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Nilai ini berada dibawah rentang nilai normal
yaitu 6,6 – 8,5 gram % protein. Hal ini kemungkinan disebabkan oleh protein
dalam serum tidak berhasil difiltrasi oleh glomerolus ginjal atau konsumen
protein yang terlalu rendah dari makanan.</span></div><div class="blogger-post-footer">Terimakasih telah mengunjungi blog ini..
Sangat menerima kritik dan saran untuk kemajuan blog ini..
Silakan meninggalkan komentar di box komentar..</div>thedfreezehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01513202399201124188noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2935197874324929025.post-64276140679135160612012-06-22T21:42:00.002+08:002012-06-22T21:42:47.425+08:00Uji Kuantitatif Protein Urine : Tes Esbach<span class="”fullpost”">
</span><br />
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Uji Kuantitatif Protein Urine : Tes Esbach</span></b><b><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<b><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.1<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">Tujuan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk
mengetahui angka protein loss dalam urin dengan metode Esbach.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<b><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.2<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">Metode
yang Digunakan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Tes Esbach</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<b><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.3<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">Prinsip
Pemeriksaan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Asam pikrat dapat mengendapkan protein dan
endapan ini dapat diukur secara kuantitatif.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<a name='more'></a><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<b><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.4<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">Alat
dan Bahan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">Alat</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Tabung Esbach</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">Bahan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Sampel Urine 24 jam</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Reagen Esbach :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Asam pikrat 10</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Asam sitrat<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>20</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Aquadest ad<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1 L</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<b><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.5<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">Cara
Kerja</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Sampel urine 24 jam dikumpulkan dan diukur
volumenya</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">↓</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Tabung Esbach diisi dengan urine sampai tanda U</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">↓</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Ditambahkan dengan reagen Esbach sampai tanda R,
ditambahkan BaSO<sub>4</sub> lalu ditutup</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>↓</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Dikocok ad homogen</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>↓</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Didiamkan selama 30
menit, dibaca tinggi endapan yang terjadi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<b><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.6<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">Hasil
Pemeriksaan & Interpretasi Hasil</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Volume urine<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>= 1,5 L/24jam</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Tinggi endapan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>= 0,4 g/L</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Protein Loss<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>= 0,4 g/L </span><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">´</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> 1,5 L/24jam</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>= 0,6 g/24jam</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Interpretasi Hasil</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Kadar protein di dalam serum yaitu 0,6 g/24jam.
Nilai ini berada diatas nilai normal yaitu 0,15 g/24jam. Hal ini disebabkan
oleh protein yang tidak berhasil difiltrasi oleh glomerolus ginjal.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<b><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.7<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">Pembahasan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Pada
praktikum ini, dilakukan pengukuran kadar protein dalam urin menggunakan metode
uji Esbach. Uji Esbach merupakan pemeriksaan untuk menilai kadar protein dalam urin
(proteinuria) dimana hasil positif ditunjukkan dengan adanya kekeruhan dan
tingkat kekeruhan sesuai dengan kuantitatif protein (Kurniati, 2010). Sampel
urin 24 jam yang telah terkumpul diukur volumenya. Tabung Esbach kemudian
ditambahkan urin sampai tanda U dan reagen Esbach hingga tanda R, ditambahkan
BaSO<sub>4 </sub>lalu ditutup. Tabung Esbach dibolak-balik beberapa kali agar
urin dan reagen tercampur baik dan didiamkan selama 30 menit dan terakhir
diukur ketinggian endapan yang terbentuk. Pada uji Esbach hasil
positif palsu dapat terjadi bila urin sampel sifatnya terlalu basa atau
terlalu encer. Dari pengujian tersebut endapan yang diperoleh sebanyak 0,4 g/L.
Dari data tersebut dilakukan perhitungan persentase protein dan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Protein
Loss</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">. </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Pada
perhitungan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Protein Loss</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">diperoleh hasil 0,6 g/24 jam, nilai
ini berada diatas nilai normal yaitu 0,15 g/24 jam. Hal ini disebabkan oleh
protein yang tidak berhasil difiltrasi oleh glomerolus ginjal.</span><b><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;"></span></b></div><div class="blogger-post-footer">Terimakasih telah mengunjungi blog ini..
Sangat menerima kritik dan saran untuk kemajuan blog ini..
Silakan meninggalkan komentar di box komentar..</div>thedfreezehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01513202399201124188noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2935197874324929025.post-89417955557364163622012-06-22T21:41:00.002+08:002012-06-22T21:41:46.582+08:00KIMIA KLINIK Uji Kualitatif Protein Dalam Urine<span class="”fullpost”">
</span><br />
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<b><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Uji Kualitatif Protein Dalam Urine</span></b><b><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;"></span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.1<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Tujuan</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Untuk mengetahui ada atau tidaknya protein dalam
urin dengan metode tes rebus dan <a href="http://smart-fresh.blogspot.com/" target="_blank">tes carik celup urine.</a></span><b><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.2<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Metode yang Digunakan</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Tes Rebus dan Tes Carik Celup Urine</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.3<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Prinsip Pemeriksaan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Uji kualitatif protein
dalam urine dapat dilakukan dengan tiga metode yaitu tes rebus, reaksi heller,
dan dengan SSA (sulfosalicylic acid). </span></div>
<a name='more'></a><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Tes Rebus
</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Dilakukan dengan
merebus urine dalam suasana asam menggunakan asam asetat 6%, dimana prinsip
dari metode ini adalah protein dalam suasana asam lemah apabila dipanaskan akan
mengalami denaturasi dan terjadi endapan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Tes Carik Celup Urine</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Dipstick (tes carik celup) adalah strip reagen berupa strip plastic
tipis yang ditempeli kertas seluloid yang mengandung bahan kimia tertentu
sesuai jenis parameter yang akan diperiksa. Terdapat berbagai reagen strip yang
dapat digunakan dalam berbagai uji kimia antara lain glukosa, protein,
bilirubin, urobilinogen, pH, berat jenis, darah, keton, nitrit, dan leukosit. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Glukosa</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Untuk mengukur glukosa urin, reagen strip diberi
enzim glukosa oksidase (GOD), peroksidase (POD), dan zat warna.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Protein</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Dipstick mendekati protein dengan indicator warna
Bromphenol biru, yang sensitive terhadap albumin tetapi kurang sensitive
terhadap globulin, protein Bence-Jones, dan mukoprotein.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Bilirubin</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Berdasarkan reaksi diazo antara bilirubin dengan
garam diazonium dalam suasana asam membentuk warna azobilirubin.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Urobilinogen</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Hasil positif juga dapat diperoleh setelah
olahraga atau minum atau disababkan oleh kelelahan atau sembelit. Orang yang
sehat dapat mengeluarkan sejumlah kecil urobilinogen.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">pH</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Berdasarkan prinsip double indicator yang
mengandung metal merah, PP, BTB sehingga memungkinkan perubahan warna dari
jingga, hijau sampai biru pada daerah 5-9.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Berat jenis</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Berdasarkan pada perubahan warna reagen dari biru
hijau ke hijau kekuningan tergantung pada konsentrasi ion dalam urine</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">g.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Darah</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Berdasarkan aktivitas pseudoperoxidatif
hemoglobin yang mana katalisis reaksi dari dispropil benzene dihidroperoksid
dan 3,3’,5,5’-tetrametilbenzidin, hasilnya mulai dari orange sampai hijau.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">h.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Keton</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Pemeriksaan keton dengan pereaksi nitroprussida
berdasarkan prinsip tes lugol, yaitu dalam suasana basa, asam asetoasetat akan
bereaksi dengan Na. nitroprussida menghasilkan warna ungu.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">i.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Nitrit</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Berdasarkan reaksi griess, nitrit akan bereaksi
dengan sulfonamide aromatic membentuk garam diazonium membentuk zat warna azo.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">j.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Leukosit</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 63.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Berdasarkan prinsip leukosit esterase dalam urine
yang dapat menghidrolisa suatu ester (indoxyl ester) menjadi alcohol dan asma.
Cincin aromatic dalam alcohol (indoxyl) akan berpasangan dengan garam diazonium
membentuk zat warna diazo.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 63.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.4<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Alat dan Bahan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">Alat</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tabung reaksi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Alat pemusing</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Api bunsen</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Beaker glass</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">Bahan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Asam asetat 6%</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sampel urine</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Reagen strip</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.5<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Cara Kerja</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l3 level5 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Tes
Rebus</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Diambil
sebanyak 3 mL sampel urin yang sudah dipusingkan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">↓</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Dimasukkan
ke dalam tabung</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">↓</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Dipanaskan
diatas api bunsen hingga mendidih</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">↓</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Bila
terbentuk endapan, kemungkinan disebabkan oleh fosfat</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">↓</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Kemudian ditambahkan 3 tetes asam asetat 6 %,
dipanaskan kembali sampai mendidih</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">↓</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Dibiarkan dingin dan kemudian dilakukan pembacaan
hasil berdasarkan tabel dibawah ini :</span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; margin-left: 59.4pt; width: 511px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 27.0pt;" valign="top" width="36">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">-</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 356.6pt;" valign="top" width="475">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Tetap jernih dibandingkan urine kontrol</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 27.0pt;" valign="top" width="36">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">+1</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 356.6pt;" valign="top" width="475">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Tampak kekeruhan minimal, dimana huruf cetak
pada kertas masih dapat terbaca, menembus kekeruhan ini (kuantitatif </span><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">̴</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,01- 0,059%)</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 27.0pt;" valign="top" width="36">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">+2</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 356.6pt;" valign="top" width="475">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Kekeruhan nyata dengan butir-butir halus, garis
tebal dibaliknya masih dapat terlihat (kuantitatif </span><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">̴</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,05- 0,209%)</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 27.0pt;" valign="top" width="36">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">+3</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 356.6pt;" valign="top" width="475">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Tampak gumpalan -gumpalan nyata (kuantitatif </span><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">̴</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,2- 0,509%)</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 27.0pt;" valign="top" width="36">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">+4</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 356.6pt;" valign="top" width="475">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Tampak gumpalan -gumpalan besar dan membeku
(kuantitatif > 0,059%)</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l3 level5 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Tes
Carik Celup Urine</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Diambil satu strip yang diperlukan dari wadah dan wadah segera
ditutup.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">↓</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Strip reagen dicelupkan sepenuhnya ke dalam urine selama dua detik</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">↓</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Dihilangkan kelebihan urine dengan menyentuh
strip ditepi wadah specimen atau dengan meletakkan strip diatas secarik kertas
tisu</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">↓</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Perubahan warna diinterpretasikan dengan
membandingkannya dengan skala warna rujukan, yang biasanya ditempel pada botol
atau wadah reagen strip.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.6<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Hasil Pemeriksaan & Interpretasi Hasil</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Tes
Rebus</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo4; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Sebelum
ditambahkan asam asetat 6% tidak terbentuk endapan, maka kemungkinan tidak
terdapat fosfat dalam urine.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo4; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Setelah
ditambahankan asam fosfat 6% dan dipanaskan terbentuk endapan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo4; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Setelah
didinginkan pada tabung reaksi terlihat gumpalan-gumpalan nyata dan reaksi
positif 3</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Tes
Carik Celup Urine</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Protein : reaksi positif 2.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.7<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Pembahasan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 40.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 31.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Pengujian kualitatif protein dalam urin dilakukan
dengan merebus urine dalam suasana asam menggunakan asam asetat 6%, reaksi positif
jika muncul endapan atau kekeruhan pada larutan uji. Hasil dari tes rebus dari
pengamatan berdasarkan tabel didapat hasil +3 pada sampel urine, dimana tampak
gumpalan-gumpalan nyata (kuantitatif ~ 0,2- 0,50 g%). Urine yang terlalu banyak
menngandung protein disebabkan adanya gangguan kerja pada proses urinasasi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Selain dengan metode
tes rebus, protei urine juga ditentukan memalui tes carik celup. Prinsip dari
strip tes ini yaitu protein-error-indikator (bromfenol biru). Pada pH konstan
perubahan warna dari tes strip dikarenakan adanya protein dalam urin. Untuk uji
positif ditunjukkan dengan perubahan warna dari hijau menjadi hijau-biru
sedangkan untuk uji negative rentang warnanya yaitu dari kuning ke kuning-hijau
(Anonim a, 2008). <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Terlihat seperti pada
gambar dibawah ini :</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-no-proof: yes;"><img height="146" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/User/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.jpg" width="340" /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-no-proof: yes;"><img height="25" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/User/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.jpg" width="444" /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Gambar
1 : Interpretasi strip tes adanya protein dalam urin</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 9.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 9.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Penilain Hasil Pada Tes Strip Urin </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 121.5pt; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 45.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Negatif<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>( - )<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Tidak terjadi perubahan warna </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 121.5pt; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 45.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Positif 1
(1+) <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Pada kertas indikator
menunjukkan warna hijau (</span><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;">±</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> 0,3 gr/L) </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 45.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 121.5pt; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Positif 2 (2+)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Pada kertas indikator
menunjukkan warna hijau tua (</span><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;">±</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 45.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 121.5pt; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1,0gr/L) </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 9.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 121.5pt; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Positif 3 (3+)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Pada kertas indikator
menunjukkan warna biru (</span><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;">±</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> 3,0 gr/L) </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Positif 4 (4+)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Pada kertas indikator
menunjukkan warna biru tua </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(</span><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;">±</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">20,0gr/L)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">(Anonim
b, tt)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Dari hasil yang
diperoleh pada percobaan menunjukkan hasil positif 2 (2+). Hal ini menunjukkan
terdapat protein pada urine berkisar ± 1,0 gr/L. Protein terdiri atas fraksi
albumin dan globulin. Peningkatan ekskresi albumin merupakan petanda yang
sensitif untuk penyakit ginjal kronik yang disebabkan karena penyakit
glomeruler, diabetes melitus, dan hipertensi. Sedangkan peningkatan ekskresi
globulin dengan berat molekul rendah merupakan petanda yang sensitif untuk
beberapa tipe penyakit <i>tubulointerstitiel</i>. Strip tes sangat sensitive
untuk uji adanya albumin dan relative tidak sensitive terhadap globulin dan
Bence-Jones protein (Cheryl S, et al., 2003).</span></div><div class="blogger-post-footer">Terimakasih telah mengunjungi blog ini..
Sangat menerima kritik dan saran untuk kemajuan blog ini..
Silakan meninggalkan komentar di box komentar..</div>thedfreezehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01513202399201124188noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2935197874324929025.post-30697274326128850672012-06-22T21:40:00.001+08:002012-06-22T21:40:09.505+08:00KIMIA KLINIK Pemeriksaan Sampel Urin (Organoleptis, Berat Jenis, pH)<!--[if !mso]>
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<b><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">Pemeriksaan
Sampel Urin </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">(Organoleptis, Berat Jenis, pH)</span></b><b><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;"></span></b></div>
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</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Tujuan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 40.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Untuk mengetahui organoleptis, berat jenis, dan
pH dari urin sampel</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.2<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Prinsip Pemeriksaan</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.2.1<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><a href="http://smart-fresh.blogspot.com/" target="_blank"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Organoleptis Urine</span></b></a></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Warna Urin</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Urin normal yang baru dikeluarkan tampak jernih
sampai sedikit berkabut dan berwarna kuning oleh pigmen urokrom dan urobilin.
Intensitas warna sesuai dengan konsentrasi urine; urin encer hamper tidak
berwarna, urin pekat berwarna kuning tua atau sawo matang.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Kelainan pada warna, kejernihan, dan kekeruhan
dapat mengindikasikan kemungkinan adanya infeksi, dehidrasi, darah di urin
(hematuria), penyakit hati, kerusakan otot atau eritrosit dalam tubuh.
Obat-obatan tertentu dapat mengubah warna urin. Beberapa keadaan yang
menyebabkan warna urin adalah :</span></div>
<a name='more'></a><br />
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Merah :
hemoglobin, mioglobin, porfobilinogen, porfirin. Penyebab nonpatologik : banyak
macam obat dan zat warna, bit, rhubab (kelembak), senna.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Orange</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> : pigmen empedu. Penyebab nonpatologik : obat
untuk infeksi saluran kemih (piridium), obat lain termasuk fenotiazin.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Kuning :
urin sangat pekat, bilirubin, urobilin. Penyebab non-patologik : wortel,
fenasetin, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">cascara</i>, nitrofurantoin.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Hijau :
biliverdin, bakteri (terutama <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pseudomonas</i>).
Penyebab non-patologik : preparat vitamin, obat psiko-aktif, diuretic.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Biru : ada
penyebab patologik. Pengaruh obat : diuretik, nitrofuran.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Coklat :
Penyebab patologik : asam hematin, myoglobin, pigmen empedu. Pengaruh obat :
levodopa, nitrofuran, beberapa obat sulfa.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Hitam atau
hitam kecoklatan : melanin, asam homogentisat, indikans, urobilinogen,
methemoglobin. Pengaruh obat : levodopa, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">cascara</i>,
kompleks besi, fenol. </span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Bau Urine</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Urin normal yang baru dikeluarkan pada umumnya
tidak berbau keras, atau biasa disebut berbau pesing Bau pada urin disebakan
oleh adanya asam-asam yang mudah menguap. Bau urin dapat pula dipengaruhi oleh
makanan/minuman yang dikonsumsi. Apabila urin dibiarkan lama, maka akan timbul
bau ammonia, sebagai hasil pemecahan ureum. Aseton memberikan bau manis,
sedangkan adanya kuman memberikan bau busuk pada urine.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Buih pada Urine</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Bila dilakukan pengocokan pada sampel urin maka
akan timbul buih. WArna kuning pada buih disebabkan oleh pigmen empedu
(bilirubin), atau <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">phenylazodamino-pyridine</i>.
Adanya buih juga dapat disebakan karena adanya sejumlah besar protein pada urin
(proteinuria).</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Kekeruhan pada Urine</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Urin baru dan normal pada umumnya jernih.
Kekeruhan biasanya terjadi karena kristalisasi atau pengendapan urat (dalam
urin asam) atau pengendapat fosfat (dalam urin<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>basa). Kekeruhan juga bisa disebabkan oleh bahan selular berlebihan atau
protein dalam urin.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Adanya kekeruhan pada urine umumnya disebabkan
karena :</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Fosfat
Amorf : warna putih, hilang bila diberi asam, terdapat pada urin yang alkalis.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Urat Amorf
: kuning coklat, hilang bila dipanaskan, terdapat pada urin yang asam.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Darah :
warna merah samapi coklat.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Pus :
seperti susu, menjadi jernih setelah disaring.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Kuman :
pada umumnya akan tetap keruh setelah disaring ataupun dipusingkan. Pada
urethritis terlihat benang-benang halus.</span></div>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="page-break-before: always;" />
</span></b>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.2.2<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Berat Jenis Urine</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Pemeriksaan berat jenis urin berhubungan dengan
keadaan faal pemekatan yang dilakukan oleh ginjal, dapat dilakukan dengan
berbagai cara yaitu urometer, refraktometer, gravimetri dan <i>falling </i>drop.
Berat jenis urin sewaktu pada orang normal antara 1,003-1,030. Berat jenis urin
herhubungan erat dengan diuresa, makin besar diuresa makin rendah berat
jenisnya dan sebaliknya. Makin pekat urin makin tinggi berat jenisnya, jadi
berat jenis bertalian dengan faal pemekat ginjal. Urin sewaktu yang mempunyai
berat jenis 1,020 atau lebih, menunjukkan bahwa faal pemekat ginjal baik.
Keadaan ini dapat dijumpai pada penderita dengan demam dan dehidrasi. Sedangkan
berat jenis urin kurang dari 1,009 dapat disebabkan oleh <i>intake </i>cairan
yang berlebihan, hipotermi, alkalosis dan kegagalan ginjal yang menahun
(Wirawan dkk., 1983). Berat jenis yang rendah ini bisa disebabkan oleh banyak
minum, udara dingin, dan diabetes insipidus. Berat jenis yang tinggi disebabkan
oleh dehidrasi, proteinuria, dan diabetes mellitus (Oka,
1998).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Urinomter adalah hidrometer untuk penentuan berat
jenis dari urine dan ditera khusus untuk penentuan tersebut. Urinometer
memiliki skala 1.0000-1.0060 (tiga desimal) dan umumnya dipergunakan pada
temperatur 60<sup>o</sup>F atau 15,5 <sup>o</sup>C. Bila temperatur cairan yang
akan dikur bukan 15,5<sup>o</sup>C, maka harus diadakan koreksi. Koreksi tersebut
dilakukan dengan jalan menambah angka satu pada angka ketiga di belakang koma
untuk setiap 3<sup>o</sup> di atas temperatur peneraan atau mengurangi 1 angka
pada angka ketiga di belakang koma untuk setiap 3<sup>o</sup> di bawah
temperatur peneraan. Rumusnya adalah sebagai berikut :</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 45.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<img height="36" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/User/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" width="161" /><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 45.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Keterangan :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 45.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">FK = faktor koreksi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 45.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Tk = temperatur cairan yang diukur</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 45.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Tp = temperatur peneraan (tertera pada alat urinometer)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 45.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.5in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.2.3<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">pH Urine</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">pH urine normal berkisar antara 4,8-7,5 (sekitar
6,0). Pembacaan pH hendaknya segera dilakukan (urine dalam kondisi segar),
karena urine yang lama cenderung menjadi alkalis (karena perubahan ureum
menjadi amonia). Penentuan pH dapat dilakukan dengan menggunakan : kertas
lakmus, nitrazin paper, pH-meter, dan dengan tes Carik Celup.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Kertas lakmus :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 40.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Urin asam <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>:
kertas lakmus biru </span><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">à</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> merah</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 40.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kertas lakmus merah </span><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">à</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> tetap
merah</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 40.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Urin alkalis <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:
kertas lakmus merah </span><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">à</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> biru</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 40.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kertas lakmus biru </span><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">à</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> tetap biru</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 40.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.3<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Alat dan Bahan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Alat</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-indent: .75in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tabung reaksi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Urometer</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gelas
ukur </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kertas
saring</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kertas
lakmus</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sarung
tangan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tissue
</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-indent: .75in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Masker</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-indent: .75in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bahan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-indent: .75in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sampel urine</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.4<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Cara Kerja</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Organoleptis</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Diambil sejumlah sampel urin.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">↓</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Dimasukkan kedalam tabung reaksi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">↓</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Diamati warna, bau, buih, kekeruhan sampel urine.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Berat
Jenis</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Urometer yang akan digunakan ditera dengan menggunakan aquadest.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">↓</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Bila pada peneraan tidak mendapatkan hasil 1,000
(misalkan 1,005), maka hasil akhir pembacaan dikurangi 0,005.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">↓</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Gelas ukur diisi dengan urin hingga </span><img height="21" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/User/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.gif" width="23" /><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>bagian.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">↓</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Buih yang terbentuk dihilangkan dengan kertas
saring atau dengan penambahan satu tetes eter.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">↓</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Urometer dimasukkan ke dalam gelas ukur dengan
cara mengukur dan memutar pada sumbu penyangganya. Jangan sampai urometer
menyentuh atau menempel pada dinding bagian dalam gelas ukur.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">↓</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Dibaca bagian meniscusnya, dimana 1 strip = 0,001</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 81.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">pH</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Diambil sejumlah sampl urin.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">↓</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Dimasukkan ke dalam tabung reaksi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">↓</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Dicelupkan kertas lakmus merah ke dalam sampel urin.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">↓</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Diamati perubahan warna yang terjadi pada kertas lakmus.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.5<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Hasil Pemeriksaan & Interpretasi Hasil</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Organoleptis
Urine</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Warna urine <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>:
kuning bening</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Bau urine <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>:
pesing</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Buih pada urine <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>:
terdapat buih pada urine</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Kekeruhan pada urine <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: jernih</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Interpretasi Hasil</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 63.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dari
hasil yang diperoleh, urine berwarna kuning bening, berbau pesing dan terdapat buih
namun jernih, maka dapat dikatakan urine tersebut termasuk normal.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Berat
Jenis Urine</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Diketahui <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Tp = 20<sup>o</sup>C</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Tk = 29<sup>o</sup>C</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Ditanya<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: FK =…..?</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Jawab <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: </span></div>
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<img height="36" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/User/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" width="161" /><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 1.75in; text-align: justify;">
<img height="35" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/User/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" width="156" /><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 1.75in; text-align: justify;">
<img height="19" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/User/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image008.gif" width="81" /><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 63.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 1.75in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">BJ urin
ketika pengukuran = 1,002</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Faktor
Koreksi = 0,003</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Jadi BJ
urin sebenarnya = BJ urin pengkuran + FK</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 63.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 1.75in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>= 1,002 +
0,003</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 63.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 1.75in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>= 1,005</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Interpretasi Hasil</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 63.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berat
jenis urine yang diperiksa adalah 1,005 dimana masih masuk dalam rentang
(1,003-1,030) sehingga dapat dikatakan berat jenis urine tersebut normal.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">pH
Urine</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Kertas lakmus merah tetap berwarna merah.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Interpretasi Hasil</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kertas
lakmus tetap berwarna merah sehingga dapat dikatakan urine yang diperiksa
bersifat asam.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="page-break-before: always;" />
</span></b>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.6<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Pembahasan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Pemeriksaan urin meliputi pengujian organoleptis,
berat jenis, pH dan uji kualitatif adanya protein dalam sampel urin dan tes
carik celup. Pemeriksaan urine atau urinalisis ini bertujuan untuk skrining,
diagnosis evaluasi berbagai jenis penyakit ginjal, infeksi saluran kemih, batu
ginjal, dan memantau perkembangan penyakit seperti diabetes mellitus dan
tekanan darah tinggi (hipertensi), dan skrining terhadap status kesehatan umum.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Pengujian organoleptis meliputi pengamatan warna,
bau, buih, dan kekeruhan dari sampel urin. Warna sampel urin menunjukkan warna
kuning bening. Warna kuning pada urine disebabkan oleh urine yang sangat pekat,
bilirubin dan urobilin, sedangkan penyebab non patologiknya adalah wortel,
fenasetin, nitrofuratoin, dan cascara. Bau urin pada percobaan adalah pesing, hal
ini disebabkan oleh kandungan asam-asam yang mudah menguap. Bau urine dapat
dipengaruhi oleh makanan atau minuman yang dikonsumsi. Pemeriksaan buih
menunjukkan terdapat buih pada urin. Buih yang timbul setelah dikocok bila
berwarna kuning dapat disebabkan oleh pigmen empedu (bilirubin), atau
phenylazodiamino-pyridine. Adanya buih juga dapat disebabkan karena adanya
sejumlah besar protein dalam urin (proteinuria). Uji kekeruhan urin menunjukkan
bahwa urine tidak keruh (jernih). Apabila urine keruh, biasanya terjadi karena
kristalisasi atau pengendapan urat (dalam urin asam) atau fosfat (dalam urin).
Kekeruhan juga bisa disebabkan oleh bahan selular berlebih pada urin. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Pengujian bobot jenis urin dilakukan dengan
menggunakan alat yang disebut urometer. Tujuan dari pengukuran berat jenis
adalah untuk mengukur fungsi tubular ginjal, serta dipakai untuk menilai
kemampuan ginjal memekatkan dan mengencerkan urine. Pengujian ini didasarkan
pada perbandingan berat urine dengan berat ekivalen suatu volume air murni.
Pertama-tama urometer ditera dengan aquadest untuk mengkalibrasi alat sehingga
didapatkan data yang valid. Urometer dimasukkan ke dalam akuadest dan diputar
serta tidak boleh menyentuh dinding, pengukuran dilakukan dengan pembacaan
meniskus. Air memiliki berat jenis 1,000. Jadi jika hasil akhir yang didapatkan
1,000 maka urometer siap digunakan, jika lebih dari 1,000 (misal 1,005) maka
pada hasil akhir dikurangi dengan nominal kelebihan tersebut (dikurangi 0,005).
Selanjutnya dilakukan pengujian pada urin sampel dengan cara urometer
dimasukkan dan diputar dalam urin sampel dan tidak boleh menyentuh dinding. Setelah
urometer stabil, lalu pengukuran dilakukan dengan membaca meniskus dan
dilakukan pada tempat yang datar agar tidak mempengaruhi hasil pengukuran.
Hasil yang didapat pada pengukuran adalah 1,002 namun terdapat nilai koreksi
pada suhu, dimana setiap kenaikan 3<sup>o</sup>C terdapat penambahan berat jenis
sebanyak 0,003. Sehingga hasil akhir yang didapat sebesar 1,005. Berat jenis
urine ini berada pada rentang berat jenis urine normal yaitu 1,003-1,030. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Penentuan pH dilakukan
dengan menggunakan kertas lakmus, dimana lakmus merah yang digunakan untuk percobaan
tidak mengalami perubahan warna setelah dicelupkan ke dalam urine. Hal ini
menunjukkan bahwa urine tersebut memiliki pH asam, ini berarti pH urine dapat
dikatakan ada pada kisaran normal yaitu berkisar antara 4,8-7,5 (sekitar 6,0)
dimana pH tersebut juga termasuk pH asam - sedikit basa.</span><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></div><div class="blogger-post-footer">Terimakasih telah mengunjungi blog ini..
Sangat menerima kritik dan saran untuk kemajuan blog ini..
Silakan meninggalkan komentar di box komentar..</div>thedfreezehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01513202399201124188noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2935197874324929025.post-19131175618909483162012-06-09T15:45:00.001+08:002012-06-09T15:47:01.338+08:00KIMIA KLINIK RAPID TEST UNTUK KOLESTEROL<span class="”fullpost”">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 28.35pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Definisi
Umum</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kolesterol
adalah senyawa lemak kompleks yang 80 % dihasilkan dari dalam tubuh (organ
hati) dan 20 % sisanya dari luar tubuh (zat makanan) untuk bermacam-macam
fungsi di dalam tubuh, antara lain membentuk dinding sel dan membuat hormon-
hormon tertentu. Bila kolesterol di dalam tubuh berlebihan, maka kolesterol
akan tertimbun di dalam dinding pembuluh darah yang disebut sebagai plak
aterosklerosis. Kondisi ini bila semakin bertambah parah dapat menyebabkan
penyakit jantung dan stroke. Kadar kolesterol total yang ideal adalah 140-200
mg/dL atau kurang. Jika kadar kolesterol total mendekati 300 mg/dL, maka resiko
terjadinya serangan jantung adalah lebih dari 2 kali. <span style="color: black;">Kolesterol
tidak larut dalam cairan darah, untuk itu agar dapat dikirim ke seluruh tubuh
perlu dikemas bersama protein menjadi partikel yang disebut Lipoprotein, yang
dapat dianggap sebagai ‘pembawa’ (carier) kolesterol dalam darah </span>(Balai
Informasi Teknologi LIPI Pangan dan Kesehatan, 2009)<span style="color: black;">.</span></span></div>
<a name='more'></a><br />
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Lipoprotein
yang utama adalah :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">-
Kilomikron</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">-
VLDL (very low density
lipoproteins)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">-
LDL (low density lipoproteins)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">-
HDL (high density lipoproteins)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Empat
kelas lipoprotein yang berbeda menunjukkan hubungan yang berbeda dengan
arterosklerosis koroner. <span style="color: black;">Kolesterol LDL (Low Density
Lipoprotein) adalah jenis kolesterol yang berbahaya sehingga sering disebut
juga sebagai kolesterol jahat. Kolesterol LDL
mengangkut kolesterol paling banyak di dalam darah. Tingginya kadar LDL
menyebabkan pengendapan kolesterol dalam arteri. Kolesterol LDL merupakan
faktor risiko utama penyakit jantung koroner sekaligus target utama dalam
pengobatan. Protein utama yang membentuk LDL adalah Apo-B (apolipoprotein-B) </span>(Balai
Informasi Teknologi LIPI Pangan dan Kesehatan, 2009).<span style="color: black;"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">LDL memiliki kecenderungan melekat di dinding pembuluh darah sehingga
dapat menyempitkan pembuluh darah. LDL ini bisa melekat karena mengalami
oksidasi atau dirusak oleh radikal bebas. LDL yang telah menyusup ke dalam
intima akan mengalami oksidasi tahap pertama sehingga terbentuk LDL yang
teroksidasi. LDL-teroksidasi akan memacu terbentuknya zat yang dpat melekatkan
dan menarik monosit (salah satu jenis sel darah putih) menembus lapisan endotel
dan masuk ke dalam intima. Disamping itu, LDL-teroksidasi juga menghasilkan zat
yang dapat mengubah monosit yang telah masuk ke dalam intima menjadi makrofag.
Sementara itu, LDL-teroksidasi akan
mengalami oksidasi tahap kedua menjadi LDL yang teroksidasi sempurna
yang dapat mengubah makrofag menjadi sel busa </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(Balai Informasi
Teknologi LIPI Pangan dan Kesehatan, 2009)<span style="color: black;">. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kolesterol HDL (High Density Lipoprotein) adalah jenis kolesterol
yang tidak berbahaya. Kolesterol HDL mengangkut kolesterol lebih sedikit dari
LDL dan sering disebut kolesterol baik karena dapat membuang kelebihan
kolesterol jahat di pembuluh darah arteri kembali ke hati, untuk diproses dan
dibuang ke dalam kandung empedu sebagai asam (cairan) empedu. HDL mencegah
kolesterol mengendap di arteri dan melindungi pembuluh darah dari proses
aterosklerosis (terbentuknya plak pada dinding pembuluh darah). Protein utama yang
membentuk HDL adalah Apo-A (apolipoprotein). </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Idealnya, kadar
kolesterol LDL tidak boleh lebih dari 130 mg/dL dan kadar kolesterol HDL tidak
boleh kurang dari 40 mg/dL. Kadar HDL harus meliputi lebih dari 25 % dari kadar
kolesterol total (Balai Informasi Teknologi LIPI Pangan dan Kesehatan, 2009).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Selain
LDL dan HDL yang penting untuk diketahui juga adalah trigliserida, yaitu satu
jenis lemak yang terdapat dalam darah dan berbagai organ dalam tubuh.
Meningkatnya kadar trigliserida dalam darah juga dapat meningkatkan kadar
kolesterol. Sejumlah faktor dapat mempengaruhi kadar trigliserida dalam darah
seperti kegemukan, konsumsi alkohol, gula, dan makanan berlemak. Tingginya
kadar trigliserida (TG) dapat dikontrol dengan diet rendah karbohidrat. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk
mengidentifikasi tingkat kolesterol darah berkaitan dengan peningkatan risiko
penyakit arteri koroner dengan cepat maka dapat digunakan rapid test. Rapid
test didasarkan pada teknologi yang sama dengan tes ELISA, namun tes ini tidak
mengirimkan sampel ke laboratorium untuk dianalisis, rapid test dapat
menghasilkan hasil dalam waktu 20 menit. Rapid test dapat menggunakan contoh darah atau cairan mulut. Rapid
test menyediakan hasil uji kualitatif tanpa memerlukan peralatan khusus atau
pelatihan dan dapat dengan mudah dilakukan di rumah. Semua hasil positif dari
rapid test harus diikuti dengan tes konfirmasi, yang hasilnya dapat diambil
dalam beberapa hari sampai beberapa minggu. Rapid test dibutuhkan sebagai alat
diagnosa dini yang seyogyanya memiliki tingkat
sensitivitas dan spesifisitas yang baik agar hasilnya dapat dipercaya
dan bermanfaat dalam penggunaannya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 28.35pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.2 Prinsip Reaksi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 28.35pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Prinsip pengukuran kadar kolesterol
yaitu </span><span style="height: 32px; left: 0px; margin-left: 149px; margin-top: 247px; position: absolute; width: 133px; z-index: 251664384;">
</span></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="white" height="32" style="background: white; border: .75pt solid white; vertical-align: top;" width="133"><span style="left: 0pt; position: absolute; z-index: 251664384;">
</span><br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><div class="shape" style="padding: 4.35pt 7.95pt 4.35pt 7.95pt;">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">Kolesterol
esterase</span></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="left: 0pt; position: absolute; z-index: 251664384;">
</span> </td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">kolesterol ester di dalam plasma direaksikan dengan
kolesterol esterase menjadi kolesterol dan asam lemak. Kemudian kolesterol
bebas tersebut direaksikan dengan O<sub>2</sub>, dan dengan bantuan kolesterol
oksidase akan menjadi kolesterol-3-on (kolestenon) dan H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>
(hidrogen peroksida). Hidrogen peroksida
yang terbentuk akan direaksikan dengan fenol dan 4-aminoantipirin dengan
bantuan enzim peroksidase menjadi quinoneimine
dan H<sub>2</sub>O. Quinoneimine yang terbentuk merupakan senyawa kompleks
berwarna merah-pink yang nantinya akan diukur dengan menggunakan
spektrofotometer. Reaksinya adalah sebagai berikut :</span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 157px; margin-top: 3px; position: absolute; width: 110px; z-index: 251660288;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/User/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="110" /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kolesterol ester + H<sub>2</sub>O Kolesterol + asam lemak</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;">
</div>
<table align="left" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td height="1" width="114"><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><br /></td>
<td bgcolor="white" height="39" style="background: white; border: .75pt solid white; vertical-align: top;" width="138"><span style="left: 0pt; position: absolute; z-index: 251666432;">
</span><br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><div class="shape" style="padding: 4.35pt 7.95pt 4.35pt 7.95pt;">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">Kolesterol
oksidase</span></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="left: 0pt; position: absolute; z-index: 251666432;">
</span> </td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 122px; margin-top: 3px; position: absolute; width: 138px; z-index: 251661312;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/User/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" width="138" /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kolesterol + O<sub>2</sub> Kolesterol-3-on
(Kolestenon) + H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;">
</div>
<table align="left" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td height="5" width="236"><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><br /></td>
<td bgcolor="white" height="33" style="background: white; border: .75pt solid white; vertical-align: top;" width="131"><span style="left: 0pt; position: absolute; z-index: 251668480;">
</span><br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><div class="shape" style="padding: 4.35pt 7.95pt 4.35pt 7.95pt;">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">Enzim
peroksidase</span></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="left: 0pt; position: absolute; z-index: 251668480;">
</span> </td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 236px; margin-top: 6px; position: absolute; width: 128px; z-index: 251662336;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/User/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.gif" width="128" /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2 H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>
+ 4-aminoantipirin + fenol quinoneimine + 4 H<sub>2</sub>O</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 28.35pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> (Siedel <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">et
al.</i>, 1983).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 28.35pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 28.35pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.3 Prosedur Kerja</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Prosedur
kerja untuk mengidentifikasi kolesterol dengan rapid test yaitu b</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">ersih</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">k</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">an ujung jari dengan spons </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">beralk</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">ohol yang telah disediakan dan biarkan h</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">ingga
kering. Biarkan alkohol me</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">ngering
untuk meminimalkan sengatan dari lanset. Jari ditusuk dengan lanset steril.
Buang darah dari drop pertama. Teteskan darah secara hati-hati dari drop ke
lingkaran kecil pada tes pad yang diidentifikasi pada CHEMCARD</span><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">®</span></sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">. Tunggu selama 3 menit untuk menimbulkan
reaksi pada uji tersebut. Setelah 3 menit seluruh wilayah tab dari kartu tes
dihapus dan dibuang. Dibandingkan warna yang terdapat di tengah lingkaran (uji
pad) dengan warna sekitarnya dan ditentukan tingkat kolesterol selama 30 detik.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sedangkan
prosedur kerja pengukuran kadar kolesterol dalam darah dengan menggunakan
metode enzimatis yaitu pasien yang akan diuji dipuasakan selama 12-16 jam
sebelum dilakukan pengujian. Pasien dianjurkan selama 2 minggu sebelumnya tidak
mengkonsumsi obat yang mempengaruhi kadar lipida, tidak ada perubahan berat
badan dan sekurang-kurangnya 3 bulan sebelumnya tidak sakit berat. Vena dibuat
rileks, dan pasien diharapkan duduk selama ½ jam. Selanjutnya pasien diukur
tinggi dan berat badannya, serta luas
permukaan badan berdasarkan tabel/nomogram. Selanjutnya dilakukan pengambilan
darah vena pasien. Jika dalam pengujian menggunakan plasma maka darah diambil
sebanyak 1,5 mL kemudian ditambahkan antikoagulan misalnya EDTA. Darah
disentrifuge dengan kecepatan 3000 rpm selama 15 menit dan pada suhu ruangan
(25°C). Jika sampel yang digunakan berupa serum maka darah diambil sebanyak 1,5
mL dan disentrifuge dengan kecepatan 3000 rpm selama 15 menit. Sebanyak 10 µL sampel plasma, blangko
(aquades), dan larutan standar (200 mg/dL atau 5,2 mmol/L) ditambahkan 1 mL
reagen kolesterol yang terdiri dari buffer pH 6,7 (50 mmol/L), fenol (5
mmol/L), 4-aminoantipirin (0,3 mmol/L), kolesterol esterase (CHE) (≥ 200U/L),
kolesterol oksidase (COD) (≥50 U/L), dan perokside (POD) (≥ 3 kU/L). Larutan
percobaan (sampel plasma, blangko, dan standar) dicampur hingga homogeny
kemudian diinkubasi selama 10 menit pada waterbath pada suhu 37°C. Kemudian
dibaca absorbansinya pada panjang gelombanng 550 nm (Anonim b, 2010). </span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Skema
kerja :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dengan
Rapid Test</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<table align="left" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td height="4" width="5"><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><br /></td>
<td><img height="525" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/User/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.gif" width="514" /></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dengan
Metode Enzimatis</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="height: 102px; left: 0px; margin-left: 21px; margin-top: 34px; position: absolute; width: 481px; z-index: 251672576;"><img alt="Rounded Rectangle: Pengambilan sampel darah (Sebelumnya pasien dalam keadaan sehat dipuasakan selama 12-16 jam serta 2 minggu sebelumnya tidak mengkonsumsi obat yang mempengaruhi kadar lipid)
" height="102" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/User/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image005.gif" width="481" /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Preparasi Sampel</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="position: relative; z-index: 251673600;"><span style="height: 172px; left: 40px; position: absolute; top: -1px; width: 444px;"><img height="172" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/User/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" width="444" /></span></span> </div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Penetapan Kadar</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="position: relative; z-index: 251678720;"><span style="height: 421px; left: 1px; position: absolute; top: -1px; width: 533px;">
</span></span></div>
<table align="left" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td height="0" width="0"><br /></td>
<td width="94"><br /></td>
<td width="3"><br /></td>
<td width="78"><br /></td>
<td width="12"><br /></td>
<td width="56"><br /></td>
<td width="13"><br /></td>
<td width="12"><br /></td>
<td width="15"><br /></td>
<td width="72"><br /></td>
<td width="10"><br /></td>
<td width="55"><br /></td>
<td width="2"><br /></td>
<td width="111"><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="76"><br /></td>
<td align="left" colspan="3" valign="top"><img alt="Rounded Rectangle: Sampel (10 µL plasma)" height="76" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/User/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image007.gif" width="175" /></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td align="left" colspan="5" valign="top"><img alt="Rounded Rectangle: Blanko (10 µL aquadest)" height="76" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/User/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image008.gif" width="168" /></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td align="left" colspan="3" valign="top"><img alt="Rounded Rectangle: Standar (10 µL standar) " height="76" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/User/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image009.gif" width="168" /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="6"><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="8"><br /></td>
<td colspan="6"><br /></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="2" valign="top"><img height="97" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/User/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image010.gif" width="12" /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="89"><br /></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td align="left" colspan="4" rowspan="2" valign="top"><img height="95" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/User/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image011.gif" width="149" /></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td align="left" colspan="3" rowspan="2" valign="top"><img height="95" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/User/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image012.gif" width="137" /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="6"><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="9"><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="47"><br /></td>
<td colspan="2"><br /></td>
<td align="left" colspan="10" valign="top"><img alt="Rounded Rectangle: Tambah reagen 1 mL, campur" height="47" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/User/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image013.gif" width="325" /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="4"><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="176"><br /></td>
<td colspan="2"><br /></td>
<td align="left" colspan="10" valign="top"><img height="176" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/User/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image014.gif" width="325" /></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 28.35pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.4
Interpretasi Hasil</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Interpretasi
hasil untuk rapid test dapat dilakukan dengan membandingan secara langsung warna
pad yang telah ditetesi darah dengan roda warna sekitarnya pada kartu tes. Pada
saat dilakukannya uji, akan terjadi perubahan warna dari merah darah menjadi
hijau/biru yang bernuansa gelap. Penting untuk membuat perbandingan warna pada
daerah uji dalam waktu 60 detik dan akan
memudar setelah satu menit. Masing-masing dari enam panel warna mewakili nilai
ambang kolesterol. Warna yang paling ringan dibandingkan dengan tingkat 150
mg/dL kolesterol. Setiap panel secara berurutan dari terang ke gelap akan
membandingkan kadar kolesterol yaitu, 175, 200, 225, 250, 300+ mg/dL. Jika pada
pad muncul warna yang lebih muda dibandingkan dengan blok warna 150 harus
ditafsiran bahwa kadar kolesterol memiliki kadar kurang dari 150 mg/dL. Jika pada pad muncul warna yang lebih gelap
warna pada pad yang memiliki kadar +300
maka dapat ditafsirkan bahwa kadar kolesterolnya diatas 300 mg/dL.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sedangkan
analisis kadar kolesterol dalam darah dengan metode enzimatis dapat dilakukan
dengan menggunakan persamaan Lambert Beer, yaitu :</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">A
= ε. b. c</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dimana
:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">A : Absorbansi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">ε : Absortivitas molar</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">b : Tebal kuvet</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">c : Konsentrasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Setelah
didapatkan data absorbansi sampel (As) dan data absorbansi pembanding (Ap),
maka konsentrasi sampel (Cs) dapat dihitung dengan perbandingan dari rumus
Lambert-Beer</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><img height="39" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/User/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image016.gif" width="61" /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dari
rumus diatas, maka</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Cs
= </span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; position: relative; top: 8.5pt;"><img height="29" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/User/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image018.gif" width="39" /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Harga
Cs merupakan kadar kolesterol yang terdapat pada darah sampel. Kadar tersebut
selanjutnya dibandingkan dengan nilai rujukan di bawah ini.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kolesterol
total </span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Diharapkan : 140-199</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Batas
atas : 200-239</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tinggi : >240</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kolesterol
LDL </span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Diharapkan : <130</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Batas
atas : 140-159</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tinggi : 160</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kolesterol
HDL </span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Laki-laki : 35-65</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Perempuan : 35-80</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Trigliserida :
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Diharapkan : <150</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Batas
atas : 150-199</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tinggi : 200-499</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sangat
tinggi : ≥500</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 28.35pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB III</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 28.35pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">KESIMPULAN</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 28.35pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 28.35pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Prinsip
reaksi analisis kolesterol dalam darah adalah sebagai berikut :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 28.35pt; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<table align="left" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td height="1" width="145"><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><br /></td>
<td bgcolor="white" height="33" style="background: white; border: .75pt solid white; vertical-align: top;" width="134"><span style="left: 0pt; position: absolute; z-index: 251709440;">
</span><br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><div class="shape" style="padding: 4.35pt 7.95pt 4.35pt 7.95pt;">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">Kolesterol
esterase</span></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="left: 0pt; position: absolute; z-index: 251709440;">
</span> </td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 157px; margin-top: 3px; position: absolute; width: 110px; z-index: 251704320;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/User/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="110" /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kolesterol ester + H<sub>2</sub>O Kolesterol + asam lemak</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;">
</div>
<table align="left" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td height="1" width="114"><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><br /></td>
<td bgcolor="white" height="39" style="background: white; border: .75pt solid white; vertical-align: top;" width="138"><span style="left: 0pt; position: absolute; z-index: 251707392;">
</span><br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><div class="shape" style="padding: 4.35pt 7.95pt 4.35pt 7.95pt;">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">Kolesterol
oksidase</span></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="left: 0pt; position: absolute; z-index: 251707392;">
</span> </td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 122px; margin-top: 3px; position: absolute; width: 138px; z-index: 251705344;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/User/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" width="138" /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kolesterol + O<sub>2</sub> Kolesterol-3-on
(Kolestenon) + H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;">
</div>
<table align="left" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td height="5" width="236"><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><br /></td>
<td bgcolor="white" height="33" style="background: white; border: .75pt solid white; vertical-align: top;" width="131"><span style="left: 0pt; position: absolute; z-index: 251708416;">
</span><br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><div class="shape" style="padding: 4.35pt 7.95pt 4.35pt 7.95pt;">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">Enzim
peroksidase</span></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="left: 0pt; position: absolute; z-index: 251708416;">
</span> </td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 236px; margin-top: 6px; position: absolute; width: 128px; z-index: 251706368;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/User/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.gif" width="128" /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2 H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>
+ 4-aminoantipirin + fenol quinoneimine + 4 H<sub>2</sub>O</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 28.35pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div><div class="blogger-post-footer">Terimakasih telah mengunjungi blog ini..
Sangat menerima kritik dan saran untuk kemajuan blog ini..
Silakan meninggalkan komentar di box komentar..</div>thedfreezehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01513202399201124188noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2935197874324929025.post-87034401287114059022012-06-09T15:43:00.001+08:002012-06-09T15:47:19.224+08:00PENETAPAN TOTAL PROTEIN SERUM DENGAN METODE BIURET<span class="”fullpost”">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">I.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Prinsip</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Prinsip penetapan kadar protein dalam serum dengan metode
Biuret adalah pengukuran serapan cahaya kompleks berwarna ungu dari protein
yang bereaksi dengan pereaksi biuret dimana, yang membentuk kompleks adalah
protein dengan ion Cu<sup>2+</sup> yang terdapat dalam pereaksi biuret dalam
suasana basa. Semakin tinggi intensitas cahaya yang diserap oleh alat maka
semakin tinggi pula kandungan protein yang terdapat di dalam serum tersebut.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<a name='more'></a><br />
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">II.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dasar Teori</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Protein
berasal dari kata Yunani kuno proteos yang artinya “yang utama”. Dari asal kata
ini dapat diambil kesimpulan bagaimana pentingnya protein dalam kehidupan.
Protein terdapat pada semua sel hidup, kira-kira 50% dari berat keringnya dan
berfungsi sebagai pembangun struktur, biokatalis, hormon, sumber energi,
penyangga racun, pengatur pH, dan bakan sebagai pembawa sifat turunan dari
generasi ke generasi (Girindra, 1993).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Protein
merupakan polipeptida berbobot molekul tinggi. Protein sederhana hanya
mengandung asam-asam amino. Protein kompleks mengandung bahan tambahan bukan
asam amino, seperti derivat vitamin, lipid atau karbohidrat. Protein berperan
pokok dalam fungsi sel. Analisis terhadap protein dan enzim darah tertentu
digunakan secara luas untuk tujuan diagnostik (Harper, 1995).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Protein
dapat ditetapkan kadarnya dengan metode biuret. Prinsip dari metode biuret ini
adalah ikatan peptida dapat membentuk senyawa kompleks berwarna ungu dengan
penambahan garam kupri dalam suasana basa (Carprette, 2005).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Reaksi
biuret terdiri dari campuran protein dengan sodium hidroksida (berupa larutan)
dan tembaga sulfat. Warna violet adalah hasil dari reaksi ini. Reaksi ini
positif untuk 2 atau lebih ikatan peptida (Harrow, 1954).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Penyerapan
cahaya oleh protein disebabkan oleh ikatan peptida residu ritosil, triptofonil,
dan fenilalanin. Juga turut dipengaruhi oleh gugus-gugus non-protein yang
mempunyai sifat menyerap cahaya. Penyerapan maksimum albumin serum manusia
terlihat pada panjang gelombang kira-kira 230 nm (peptida) dan dengan puncak
lebar pada 280 nm karena serapan residu-residu asam amino aromatik. Spektrum
absorbansi suatu larutan protein berfariasi tergantung pada pH dan sesuai
denagn ionisasi residu sama amino (Montgomery, 1993).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kerugian
dari metode ini adalah hasil penetapannya tidak murni menunjukkan kadar
protein, melainkan bisa saja kadar senyawa yang mengandung benzena, gugus
fenol, gugus sulfhidrin, ikut terbaca kadarnya. Selain itu, waktu penetapan
yang dipergunakan juga lama, sehingga sering kali kurang effektif (Lehninger,
1982).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">III.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Alat dan Bahan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">a. Alat</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="AF" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">§<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tabung
reaksi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="AF" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">§<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Rak
tabung reaksi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="AF" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">§<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pipet
tetes</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="AF" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">§<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pipet
mikro</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="AF" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">§<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Spektrofotometer
UV-Vis</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">b. Bahan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="AF" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">§<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Standar
protein</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="AF" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">§<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Serum</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="AF" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">§<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pereaksi
biuret</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">o<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">K-Na-Tartrat 0,18 M</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">o<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">CuSO<sub>4 </sub> 0,012
M</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">o<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">NaOH 0,2 M</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">IV.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Cara Kerja</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Disiapkan
3 buah tabung reaksi di dalam rak tabung dengan masing-masing tabung diberi
nama Test, Standar dan Blanko</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Disiapkan
larutan test, standar dan blanko di dalam tabungnya masing-masing dengan
campuran sebagai berikut:</span></div>
<div align="center">
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 61.95pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.5in;" width="144"><div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" width="132"><div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tes</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 88.05pt;" width="117"><div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Standar</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 87.35pt;" valign="top" width="116"><div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Blanko</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pereaksi Biuret, mL</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" width="132"><div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2,50</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 88.05pt;" width="117"><div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2,50</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 87.35pt;" valign="top" width="116"><div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2,50</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Serum/plasma, mL</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" width="132"><div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">0,05</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 88.05pt;" width="117"><div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">-</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 87.35pt;" valign="top" width="116"><div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">-</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Standar, mL</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" width="132"><div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">-</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 88.05pt;" width="117"><div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">0,05</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 87.35pt;" valign="top" width="116"><div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">-</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Aquadest, mL</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" width="132"><div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">-</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 88.05pt;" width="117"><div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">-</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 87.35pt;" valign="top" width="116"><div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">-</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bahan-bahan
di atas dicampur, lalu ditangguhkan selama 30 menit </span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Campuran
dibaca absorbansinya dengan menggunakan spektrofotometer dengan panjang
gelombang 540 nm.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">V.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hasil</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="AF" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Absorbansi
standar dari panjang gelombang 625-630 nm :</span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 82.25pt;" valign="top" width="110"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -1.1pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tabung</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 85.05pt;" valign="top" width="113"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -1.1pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Absorbansi</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 82.25pt;" valign="top" width="110"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -1.1pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Standar</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 85.05pt;" valign="top" width="113"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -1.1pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">0,373</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 82.25pt;" valign="top" width="110"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -1.1pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tes</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 85.05pt;" valign="top" width="113"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -1.1pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">0,544</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="AF" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Perhitungan
: </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kadar
Protein total = </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="AF" style="position: relative; top: 15pt;"><img height="47" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/User/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" width="143" /></span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="AF"></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> = </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="AF" style="position: relative; top: 14pt;"><img height="44" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/User/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.gif" width="99" /></span></i><span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> =
</span></b><span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">10,06 g%</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">VI.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pembahasan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada percobaan kali ini dilakukan penetapan kadar protein
dengan metode Biuret dengan menggunakan spektrofotometer. Dimana prinsip dari
metode ini adalah pengukuran serapan cahaya kompleks berwarna ungu dari protein
yang bereaksi dengan pereaksi biuret dimana, yang membentuk kompleks adalah
protein dengan ion Cu<sup>2+</sup> yang terdapat dalam pereaksi biuret dalam
suasana basa. Semakin tinggi intensitas cahaya yang diserap oleh alat maka
semakin tinggi pula kandungan protein yang terdapat di dalam serum tersebut.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam pereaksi biuret terkandung 3 macam reagen yaitu
reagen yang pertama adalah CuSO<sub>4</sub> dalam aquadest dimana reagen ini
berfungsi sebagai penyedia ion Cu<sup>2+</sup> yang nantinya akan membentuk
kompleks dengan protein. Reagen yang kedua adalah K-Na-Tartrat yang berfungsi
untuk mencegah terjadinya reduksi pada Cu<sup>2+</sup> sehingga tidak
mengendap. Reagen yang ketiga adalah NaOH dimana fungsinya adalah membuat
suasana basa. Suasana basa akan membantu pembentukan Cu(OH)<sub>2</sub><sup> </sup>yang
nantinya akan menjadi Cu<sup>2+</sup> dan 2OH<sup>-</sup>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada saat sampel dikocok, jangan sampai menimbulkan buih
karena akan mempengaruhi pengukuran absorbansi. Dan setelah ditetesi pereaksi
biuret, sampel didiamkan selama 30 menit. 30 menit ini merupakan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">operating time</i> yaitu waktu yang
dibutuhkan agar seluruh reaktan/protein bereaksi seluruhnya dengan reagen.
Setelah 30 menit, maka sampel diukur absorbansinya dengan alat spektrofotometer
dengan panjang gelombang 540 nm. Panjang gelombang 540 nm merupakan panjang
gelombang serapan maksimum untuk warna ungu. Reaksi yang terjadi pada penetapan
kadar protein dengan metode Biuret adalah :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 2.5in 219.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 240px; margin-top: 2px; position: absolute; width: 37px; z-index: 1;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/User/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image005.gif" width="37" /></span><span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">CuSO<sub>4</sub>.5H<sub>2</sub>O
+ 2NaOH Cu(OH)<sub>2</sub>+Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>+5H<sub>2</sub>O</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 2.5in 219.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 143px; margin-top: 6px; position: absolute; width: 37px; z-index: 3;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/User/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" width="37" /></span><span style="position: relative; z-index: 2;"><span style="height: 12px; left: 145px; position: absolute; top: -2px; width: 37px;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/User/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image007.gif" width="37" /></span></span><span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Cu(OH)<sub>2</sub> Cu<sup>2+</sup> + 2OH<sup>-</sup></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 2.5in 219.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="height: 243px; left: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 20px; position: absolute; width: 599px; z-index: -1;"><img height="243" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/User/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image009.jpg" width="599" /></span><span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 2.5in 219.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 2.5in 219.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 2.5in 219.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 2.5in 219.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 2.5in 219.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span></b>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Setelah dilakukan pengukuran terhadap standar dan tes didapatkan
absorbansi larutan standar adalah 0,373 dan absorbansi larutan test adalah
0,544. Perhitungan kadar protein dalam serum dilakukan dengan menggunakan rumus
:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kadar Protein
total = </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="AF" style="position: relative; top: 15pt;"><img height="47" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/User/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" width="143" /></span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="AF"></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sehingga didapatkan hasil kadar protein dalam serum
adalah 10,06 gr/dL. Kadar ini berada diatas kadar normal yaitu 7,2-8 gram/dL.
Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa kemungkinan terdapat masalah pada organ hati karena
sebagian besar protein dimetabolisme di hati.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">VII.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kesimpulan </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Kadar total protein dalam serum berada di atas rentang
normal (7,2-8 gram/dL).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div><div class="blogger-post-footer">Terimakasih telah mengunjungi blog ini..
Sangat menerima kritik dan saran untuk kemajuan blog ini..
Silakan meninggalkan komentar di box komentar..</div>thedfreezehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01513202399201124188noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2935197874324929025.post-2416595195480797502012-06-09T15:42:00.001+08:002012-06-09T15:47:38.103+08:00SINOPSIS 1-16 COOL GUYS HOT RAMEN | FREE OST MP3 | ALL STAR | WALLPAPER<span class="”fullpost”">
</span><br />
<i><b>Sinopsis Drama Korea Cool Guys Hot Ramen Episode 1-16 Lengkap</b></i>
---Drama Korea Cool Guys Hot Ramen ini juga memiliki judul lain yaitu
Flower Boy Ramen Shop. Drama korea bergenre Komedi Romantis ini
dibintangi oleh aktor korea yang sedang naik daun, Jung Il-woo. Beberapa
drama korea yang diperankannya selalu meledak dipasaran, seperti <span style="color: lime;">49 Days, My Fair Lady, The Moon That Embraces the Sun</span>, dan tentunya Drama Korea <span style="color: lime;">Cool Guys Hot Ramen</span>.<br />
<a name='more'></a><br />
<img alt="Drama Korea Cool Guys Hot Ramen" border="0" height="238" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-U6KxNmT3QzU/T869foM_qcI/AAAAAAAAJWM/9e1i5LWQwks/s400/Drama-Korea-Cool-Guys-Hot-Ramen.jpg" title="Drama Korea Cool Guys Hot Ramen" width="400" /><br />
Dan berikut adalah Sinopsis Drama Korea Cool Guys Hot Ramen Episode
1-16 Lengkap. Klik pada masing-masing episode untuk melihat sinopsisnya.<br />
<ol>
<li><a href="http://adf.ly/9Vr20" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Sinopsis Drama Korea Cool Guys Hot Ramen Episode 1</a></li>
<li><a href="http://adf.ly/9VrCD" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Sinopsis Drama Korea Cool Guys Hot Ramen Episode 2</a></li>
<li><a href="http://adf.ly/9VrFi" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Sinopsis Drama Korea Cool Guys Hot Ramen Episode 3</a></li>
<li><a href="http://adf.ly/9VrIl" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Sinopsis Drama Korea Cool Guys Hot Ramen Episode 4</a></li>
<li><a href="http://adf.ly/9VrMB" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Sinopsis Drama Korea Cool Guys Hot Ramen Episode 5</a></li>
<li><a href="http://adf.ly/9VrOb" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Sinopsis Drama Korea Cool Guys Hot Ramen Episode 6</a></li>
<li><a href="http://adf.ly/9VrSI" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Sinopsis Drama Korea Cool Guys Hot Ramen Episode 7</a></li>
<li><a href="http://adf.ly/9VrUj" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Sinopsis Drama Korea Cool Guys Hot Ramen Episode 8</a></li>
<li><a href="http://adf.ly/9VrWn" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Sinopsis Drama Korea Cool Guys Hot Ramen Episode 9</a></li>
<li><a href="http://adf.ly/9VrZf" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Sinopsis Drama Korea Cool Guys Hot Ramen Episode 10</a></li>
<li><a href="http://adf.ly/9Vrct" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Sinopsis Drama Korea Cool Guys Hot Ramen Episode 11</a></li>
<li><a href="http://adf.ly/9Vrfe" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Sinopsis Drama Korea Cool Guys Hot Ramen Episode 12</a></li>
<li><a href="http://adf.ly/9Vrhh" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Sinopsis Drama Korea Cool Guys Hot Ramen Episode 13</a></li>
<li><a href="http://adf.ly/9Vrjm" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Sinopsis Drama Korea Cool Guys Hot Ramen Episode 14</a></li>
<li><a href="http://adf.ly/9VroX" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Sinopsis Drama Korea Cool Guys Hot Ramen Episode 15</a></li>
<li><a href="http://adf.ly/9Vrqe" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Sinopsis Drama Korea Cool Guys Hot Ramen Episode 16</a> (Tamat)</li>
</ol>
<br />
<div style="color: blue;">
<b>PEMAIN : </b></div>
<b><span style="font-size: medium;">Jung Il Woo </span></b><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSeTCDAQD2FKpWi7zvmA0nZZrxJrnxajigvYlvEIYF_HX3Xr97UjojyEprTSZNiPcvL9y-A7k7zAtpO6VG_3_gjyrA5O0BgdeBhgKl1z_62IQIPk_zQOM8fzVGy_Blhtc58w21govVbWSb/s1600/Jung+il+woo-cool+guys+hot+ramen-picture.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Jung il Woo, Cool Guys Hot Ramen" border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSeTCDAQD2FKpWi7zvmA0nZZrxJrnxajigvYlvEIYF_HX3Xr97UjojyEprTSZNiPcvL9y-A7k7zAtpO6VG_3_gjyrA5O0BgdeBhgKl1z_62IQIPk_zQOM8fzVGy_Blhtc58w21govVbWSb/s400/Jung+il+woo-cool+guys+hot+ramen-picture.jpg" title="Jung il Woo - Cool Guys, Hot Ramen" width="275" /></a></div>
Nama: Jung Il Woo<br />
Tanggal lahir : 09 September 1987<br />
Berat badan : 63 kg <br />
Tinggi badan : 183 cm<br />
zodiac : Virgo<br />
Pendidikan : Han Yang University jurusan Arts<br />
Profesi: Aktor dan model<br />
Talent agency: N.O.A Entertainment <br />
<br />
TV Shows:<br />
The Moon That Embraces the Sun (2012), High Kick 3: The Revenge of the
Short Legged (2011, cameo), Flower Boy Ramyun Shop/Cool Guys, Hot Ramen
(2011), 49 Days (2011), Take Care of the Young Lady (2009), High Kick
Through the Roof (2009, cameo), The Return of Iljimae (2009), The Secret
of Keu Keu Island (2008, cameo), Unstoppable High Kick (2006) <br />
<br />
Movies: My Love (2007), Silent World (2006)<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Lee Chung Ah</b></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-m6MBMyQf2U0/T84Kj0PeNQI/AAAAAAAAMh0/qJ-ZN39LM6Q/s1600/lee+chung+ah-cool+guys+hot+ramen-picture.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="lee chung ah, Cool Guys Hot Ramen" border="0" height="400" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-m6MBMyQf2U0/T84Kj0PeNQI/AAAAAAAAMh0/qJ-ZN39LM6Q/s400/lee+chung+ah-cool+guys+hot+ramen-picture.jpg" title="Lee Chung Ah - Cool Guys, Hot Ramen" width="263" /></a></div>
Nama: Lee Chung Ah<br />
Tanggal lahir : 25 Oktober 1984<br />
Tempat lahir : Korea Selatan<br />
Tinggi badan : 165 cm<br />
Berat badan : 46 kg<br />
Zodiac : Scorpio<br />
Golongan darah : A<br />
Profesi: Aktris<br />
Talent agency: Kingkong<br />
<br />
TV Shows:<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Flower Boy Ramyun Shop/Cool Guys, Hot
Ramen (2011), Pure Pumpkin Flower (2010), That Fool (2009), Everybody
Cha Cha Cha (2009), Chosun Police (2008), I Am Going Too (2006), Let's
Go To The Beach (2005) </div>
<br />
Movies:<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The First Love Series (2010), The
Good, the Bad, the Weird (2008), My Tutor Friend 2 (2007), Sunday Seoul
(2005), Temptation of Wolves / Romance of Their Own (2004), Happy Ero
Christmas (2003), Resurrection of the Little Match Girl (2002) </div>
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Lee Ki Woo</b></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7ctjfrbIePPwOWwATzRCqHQPtg06TpfgCx0WEtlUaREAMibmRhwBipQxPba5dmIGV4CH-yFx4gNLzGulfsx80ENm2D-tzOkYx5eM9vpJdG7-5k4qJmYjrG6xcQTgABiB9eaxgbN63cdJf/s1600/lee+ki+woo-cool+guys+hot+ramen-picture.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Lee ki Woo, Cool Guys Hot Ramen" border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7ctjfrbIePPwOWwATzRCqHQPtg06TpfgCx0WEtlUaREAMibmRhwBipQxPba5dmIGV4CH-yFx4gNLzGulfsx80ENm2D-tzOkYx5eM9vpJdG7-5k4qJmYjrG6xcQTgABiB9eaxgbN63cdJf/s400/lee+ki+woo-cool+guys+hot+ramen-picture.jpg" title="Lee Ki Woo - Cool Guys, Hot Ramen" width="285" /></a></div>
Nama: Lee Ki Woo (Lee Gi Wu)<br />
Tanggal lahir : 23 Oktober 1981<br />
Tempat lahir : South Korea<br />
Tinggi badan : 189cm<br />
Berat badan : 78kg<br />
Zodiac : Scorpio<br />
Golongan darah : AB<br />
Pendidikan : Dankook University jurusan Management<br />
Profesi: Aktor<br />
Talent agency: SidusHQ <br />
<br />
TV Shows :<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Standby (2012), Flower Boy Ramyun
Shop/Cool Guys, Hot Ramen (2011), My Shining Girl (2012), Star's Lover
(2008), Kid Gang (2007), Outrageous Women (2006), A Love to Kill (2005),
Not Alone (2004) </div>
<br />
Movies :<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Wedding Dress (2010), Lost and Found
(2008), Story Of Wine (2008), Somebody Behind You/There Are Two People
(2007), Going Crazy Waiting/The Longest 24 Months (2007), Shim's Family
(2007), Lost in Love (2006), Sad Movie (2005), A Tale of the Cinema
(2005), Spin Kick (2004), He Was Cool (2004), Windstruck (2004), The
Classic (2003).</div>
<br />
<span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Kim Sin-ah</b></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-quOAlEh0cH4/T84vouCqfgI/AAAAAAAAMiQ/__uRZDZ5qLI/s1600/Kim_Sin-ah-picture-cool+guys+hot+ramen.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Kim Sin-ah, kim ye won, Cool Guys Hot Ramen" border="0" height="400" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-quOAlEh0cH4/T84vouCqfgI/AAAAAAAAMiQ/__uRZDZ5qLI/s400/Kim_Sin-ah-picture-cool+guys+hot+ramen.jpg" title="Kim Sin-ah - Cool Guys, Hot Ramen" width="266" /></a></div>
Nama: Kim Ye Won<br />
Nama asli: Kim Shin Ah<br />
Tanggal lahir : 11 desember 1987<br />
Tinggi badan : 168 cm<br />
Berat badan : 48 kg<br />
Bintang : Sagittarius<br />
Golongan darah : A <br />
Profesi: Penyanyi dan aktris<br />
<br />
TV Shows:<br />
Operation Proposal (2012)<br />
Romance Town (2011)<br />
Flower Boy Ramyun Shop/Cool Guys, Hot Ramen (2011)<br />
Chosun Police 3 (2010)<br />
Hometown Legends 2009 (2009) <br />
<br />
Movies<br />
Sunny (2011)<br />
A Tale of Legendary Libido (2008)<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
FREE DOWNLOAD<br />
1. VIDEOS<br />
<h1 style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;">Untuk mengunduh vid eng sub, <a href="http://adf.ly/9VruH" target="_blank" title="[Vid Eng Sub] OST Flower Boy Ramyun Shop/Cool Guys Hot Ramen">KLIK DI SINI</a></span></h1>
<h1 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">2. <span style="font-size: small;">OST MP3</span></span></h1>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b>= Flower Boy Ramyun Shop OST Part 1 =</b></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
Tracklist :</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
1. Happy -유리아 – Yuri</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
2. Sun -프랜시스 – Francis<b></b></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b>Untuk mengunduh, <a href="http://adf.ly/9Vrx5" target="_blank">KLIK DI SINI</a></b></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><img alt="" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-45679" src="http://koreanchingu.files.wordpress.com/2012/06/flower-boy-ramyun-shop-ost-part-2-300x300-1.jpg?w=620" title="Flower-Boy-Ramyun-Shop-OST-Part-2-300x300 (1)" /></b></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b></b><b></b></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b>= Flower Boy Ramyun Shop OST Part 2 =</b></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b></b><b></b></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
Tracklist :</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b></b><b></b><b></b><b></b></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
01 러빙러빙 – 윤새하 [ Loving Loving - Yoon Sae Ha ]<span id="more-45677"></span><br />
02 사랑에 빠졌나봐 – 유리아 [ Falling In Love - Yuria ]<b></b></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b>Untuk mengunduh, <a href="http://adf.ly/9VrzZ" target="_blank">KLIK DI SINI</a></b></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><img alt="" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-45680" src="http://koreanchingu.files.wordpress.com/2012/06/7qwh4zcxrik0ik08hwda.jpg?w=620" title="7qwh4zcxrik0ik08hwda" /></b></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b></b><b></b></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b>= Flower Boy Ramyun Shop OST Part 3 =</b></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b></b><b></b></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
Tracklist :</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b></b><b></b></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
01. 너란 사람 [ Someone Like You - Jung Il Woo ]</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b></b><b></b>Untuk mengunduh, <a href="http://adf.ly/9Vs2C" target="_blank">KLIK DI SINI</a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
</div>
<h1 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span> </span></h1>
<h1 style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"> </span></h1>
<br /><div class="blogger-post-footer">Terimakasih telah mengunjungi blog ini..
Sangat menerima kritik dan saran untuk kemajuan blog ini..
Silakan meninggalkan komentar di box komentar..</div>thedfreezehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01513202399201124188noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2935197874324929025.post-16909889562513297252012-06-09T15:19:00.001+08:002012-06-09T15:47:57.721+08:00PEMERIKSAAN ALBUMIN DALAM SERUM DENGAN METODE BCG (Bromocerol Green)<span class="”fullpost”">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">I.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Prinsip</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Prinsip penetapan kadar gula darah dengan O-toluidin
adalah berdasarkan pada pengendapan protein darah dengan asam trikloroasetat.
Pada saat dipusingkan akan terlihat bagian yang mengendap, bagian tersebut
adalah protein darah dan cairan yang ada di atas bagian yang mengendap
mengandung gula yang akan diperiksa dengan menambahkan o-toluidin dalam asam
asetat glasial, lalu dipanaskan. Saat dipanaskan, gula akan berkonjugasi dengan
o-toluidin dalam asetat panas dengan memberikan warna biru kehijauan. Kemudian
absorbansinya dapat diukur pada spektrofotometer UV-Vis untuk dihitung kadar glukosa
dalam darah (Widowati dkk, 1997).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<a name='more'></a><br />
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">II.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dasar Teori</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam
ilmu </span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kedokteran" title="Kedokteran"><span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">kedokteran</span></a></span><span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">, gula darah
adalah istilah yang mengacu kepada tingkat </span><a href="http://smart-fresh.blogspot.com/" target="_blank"><span lang="IN"></span></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2935197874324929025" title="Glukosa"><span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">glukosa</span></a><span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> di dalam </span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darah" title="Darah"><span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">darah</span></a></span><span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">. Konsentrasi gula darah atau tingkat glukosa serum,
diatur dengan ketat di dalam tubuh. Glukosa yang dialirkan melalui darah adalah
sumber utama energi untuk sel-sel tubuh. Umumnya tingkat gula darah bertahan
pada batas-batas yang sempit sepanjang hari: 4-8 mmol/l (70-150 mg/dl). Tingkat
ini meningkat setelah makan dan biasanya berada pada level terendah pada pagi
hari, sebelum orang makan (Anonim, 2011).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Normalnya
kadar glukosa darah seimbang pada orang yang sehat melalui reaksi insulin dan
glukagon yang dihasilkan oleh sel-sel pankreas (Lemon dan Burke, 2002). Apabila
konsentrasi glukosa menurun, karena dikonsumsi untuk memenuhi kebutuhan energi
tubuh, pankreas melepaskan glukagon, hormon yang menargetkan sel-sel di hati.
Kemudian sel-sel ini mengubah glikogen menjadi glukosa (proses ini disebut
glikogenolisis). Glukosa dilepaskan ke dalam aliran darah, hingga meningkatkan
level gula darah. Sedangkan, apabila level gula darah meningkat karena
perubahan glikogen atau karena pencernaan makanan, hormon yang lain dilepaskan
dari butir-butir sel yang terdapat di dalam pankreas. Hormon ini, yang disebut
insulin, menyebabkan hati mengubah lebih banyak glukosa menjadi glikogen. Proses
ini disebut glikogenosis), yang mengurangi level gula darah (Anonim, 2011).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ada tiga cara untuk mengukur tingkat gula darah:</span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="a">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify;"><span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tes gula darah sewaktu</span><span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">. </span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tes ini mengukur glukosa dalam darah yang diambil kapan
saja, tanpa memperhatikan waktu makan.</span></div>
<ol start="2" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="a">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify;"><span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tes gula darah puasa. </span><span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tes ini memakai contoh darah yang diambil saat perut
kosong, setelah kita tidak makan atau minum apa pun (kecuali air putih) selama
sedikitnya delapan jam.</span></div>
<ol start="3" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="a">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify;"><span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tes toleransi glukosa</span><span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">. </span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tes ini dimulai dengan tes gula darah puasa. Kemudian kita
diberikan minuman yang manis yang mengandung gula dengan ukuran tertentu.
Tingkat gula darah lalu diukur dengan memakai beberapa contoh darah yang
diambil pada jangka waktu yang tertentu.</span></div>
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: right;">
<span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> (Yayasan Spiritia, 2011)</span></div>
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: right;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 17.45pt;">
<span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Metode pengukuran gula darah lainnya yaitu: </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Metode
enzimatik </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Reaksi
yang terjadi adalah :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><img border="0" height="143" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/User/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.jpg" width="503" /></span><span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Produk
berwarna yang terbentuk akan diukur dengan metode kolorimetri (Anonim, 2010). </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Metode
Kimia</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 56.7pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="AF" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Reaksi
Oksidasi-Reduksi </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 56.7pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada
metode ini terjadi reduksi glukosa yang akan bereaksi dengan ion tembaga (Cu)
pada media basa yang akan menghasilkan warna merah yang merupakan Cu<sub>2</sub>O.
Warna merah ini akan dapat diukur dengan alat kolorimeter atau dengan
spektrofotometer. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 56.7pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Reaksi
yang terjadi adalah : </span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 56.7pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><img border="0" height="61" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/User/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.jpg" width="468" /></span><span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 56.7pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="AF" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Reaksi
Kondensasi (Metode o-toluidine)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 56.7pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada metode ini, gugus amina aromatik, o-toluidin
bereaksi dengan gugus aldehid terminal pada glukosa dalam asam asetat glasial
panas membentuk wana biru kehijauan. Dengan pembentukan warna absorbansi dari
larutan ini dapat dibaca. Panjang gelombang 630 nm merupakan panjang gelombang
yang proporsional untuk mengukur absorbansi, sehingga kadar glukosa dapat
dihitung. Metode ini cepat dan sederhana, namun reagen dapat bereaksi dengan
aldosa (gula dengan gugus aldehid pada area terminal) </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 56.15pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .55pt;">
<span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Reaksi yang terjadi
: </span></div>
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 432.35pt; text-align: right;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><img border="0" height="124" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/User/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.jpg" width="489" /></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="AF" style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 432.35pt; text-align: right;">
<span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(Anonim. 2010)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengukuran
kadar gula darah dapat menentukan seseorang menderita diabetes atau tidak.</span><b><span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></b><span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Diabetes Mellitus<b> </b></span><span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">adalah penyakit di mana tubuh gagal atau tidak bisa
mengatur kadar gula di dalam darah (Insan, 2010). Menurut </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tjokroprawiro</span><span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> (2000), Diabetes Mellitus ( DM) adalah penyakit
metabolik yang kebanyakan herediter dengan tanda – tanda hiperglikemia dan
glukosuria, disertai dengan atau tidak adanya gejala klinik akut ataupun
kronik, sebagai akibat dari insufisiensi fungsi insulin dimana gangguan primer
terletak pada metabolisme karbohidrat yang biasanya disertai juga gangguan
metabolisme lemak dan protein. Insufisiensi fungsi insulin dapat disebabkan
oleh gangguan atau defisiensi produksi insulin oleh sel-sel beta Langerhans
kelenjar pankreas, atau disebabkan oleh kurang responsifnya sel-sel tubuh
terhadap insulin.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">III.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Alat dan Bahan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">a. Alat</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="AF" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">§<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tabung
reaksi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="AF" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">§<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Rak
tabung reaksi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="AF" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">§<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pipet
tetes</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="AF" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">§<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pipet
mikro</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="AF" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">§<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sentrifugator
</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="AF" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">§<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Spektrofotometer
UV-Vis</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">b. Bahan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="AF" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">§<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Larutan
Natrium Sulfit 25%</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="AF" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">§<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Serum/plasma</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="AF" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">§<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ether</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="AF" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">§<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pereaksi
Biuret</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="AF" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">§<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Aquadest</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">IV.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Cara Kerja</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Disiapkan
tabung reaksi yang telah diisi 2 mL larutan Natrium Sulfit 25%</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ke
dalam tabung tersebut dipipetkan 0,2 mL serum/plasma, 2 mL ether dan dicampur</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tabung
dipusingkan dengan sentrifugator</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Selanjutnya
ether dan larutan protein (larutan bagian atas terdiri dari protein dan ether)
dikeluarkan dengan penghisap</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tabung
dimiringkan lalu cairan bagian atas diambil dengan pipet mikro melalui dinding
tabung.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">6.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Larutan
yang tersisa adalah larutan yang mengandung albumin (larutan ini yang kemudian
akan dimasukkan ke dalam tabung reaksi tes).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">7.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Disiapkan
3 tabung reaksi dan masing-masing diberi label larutan test, larutan standar
dan blanko kemudian dimasukkan campuran seperti pada tabel di bawah ini:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center">
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 61.95pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid black; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid black; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 118.55pt;" width="158"><div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" width="132"><div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tes</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 88.05pt;" width="117"><div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Standar</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 87.35pt;" valign="top" width="116"><div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Blanko</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 118.55pt;" valign="top" width="158"><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pereaksi Biuret, mL</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" width="132"><div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1,0</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 88.05pt;" width="117"><div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1,0</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 87.35pt;" valign="top" width="116"><div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1,0</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 118.55pt;" valign="top" width="158"><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Larutan albumin, mL</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" width="132"><div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1,0</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 88.05pt;" width="117"><div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">-</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 87.35pt;" valign="top" width="116"><div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">-</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 118.55pt;" valign="top" width="158"><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Standar, mL</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" width="132"><div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">-</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 88.05pt;" width="117"><div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1,0</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 87.35pt;" valign="top" width="116"><div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">-</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 118.55pt;" valign="top" width="158"><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Aquadest, mL</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" width="132"><div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">-</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 88.05pt;" width="117"><div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">-</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 87.35pt;" valign="top" width="116"><div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1,0</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">8.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Campuran
tersebut ditangguhkan selama 14-30 menit, lalu dibaca dalam spektrofotometer
pada panjang gelombang 540-546</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">9.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Rentang
normal untuk kadar albumin dalam serum adalah 0,5-1,2 gram/dL</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">V.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hasil</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 53.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="AF" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Absorbansi
standar dari panjang gelombang 625-630 nm :</span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid black; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid black; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 117.9pt;" valign="top" width="157"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: -4.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tabung</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 74.6pt;" valign="top" width="99"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: -4.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Absorbansi</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 117.9pt;" valign="top" width="157"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: -4.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Standar</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 74.6pt;" valign="top" width="99"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: -4.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">0,812</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 117.9pt;" valign="top" width="157"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: -4.5pt; margin-right: -8.0pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tes (uji Ari Pramita)</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 74.6pt;" valign="top" width="99"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: -4.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">0,156</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 53.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="AF" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Perhitungan
: </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kadar
albumin = </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="AF" style="position: relative; top: 15pt;"><img border="0" height="47" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/User/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image008.gif" width="202" /></span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="AF"></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 143.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .55pt;">
<span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">= </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="AF" style="position: relative; top: 14pt;"><img border="0" height="44" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/User/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image010.gif" width="87" /></span></i><span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 142.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .55pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">= </span></b><span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">0,7685
g%</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">VI.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pembahasan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada
praktikum ini dilakukan penetapan kadar glukosa di dalam darah. Penetapan kadar
glukosa darah sangat penting peranannya di dalam kehidupan manusia karena dapat
menentukan seseorang menderita diabetes mellitus atau tidak. Diabetes Mellitus
(DM) adalah penyakit metabolik yang kebanyakan herediter dengan tanda–tanda
hiperglikemia dan glukosuria, disertai dengan atau tidak adanya gejala klinik
akut ataupun kronik, sebagai akibat dari insufisiensi fungsi insulin dimana
gangguan primer terletak pada metabolisme karbohidrat yang biasanya disertai
juga dengan gangguan metabolisme lemak dan protein. Insufisiensi fungsi insulin
dapat disebabkan oleh gangguan atau defisiensi produksi insulin oleh sel-sel
beta Langerhans kelenjar pankreas, atau disebabkan oleh kurang responsifnya sel-sel
tubuh terhadap insulin (</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tjokroprawiro</span><span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">, 2000).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Metode yang digunakan dalam penetapan kadar glukosa darah
pada praktikum ini adalah metode pengukuran dengan menggunakan reagen
o-toluidin. Metode pengukuran dengan
reagen o-toluidin merupakan salah satu metode pengukuran kadar glukosa dalam
darah dimana prinsip pengukurannya berdasarkan pada pengendapan protein darah
dengan asam trikloroasetat. Pada saat dipusingkan akan terlihat bagian yang
mengendap, bagian tersebut adalah protein darah dan cairan yang ada di atas
bagian yang mengendap mengandung gula yang akan diperiksa dengan menambahkan
o-toluidin dalam asam asetat glasial, lalu dipanaskan. Saat dipanaskan, gula
akan berkonjugasi dengan o-toluidin dalam asetat panas dengan memberikan warna
biru kehijauan. Kemudian absorbansinya dapat diukur pada spektrofotometer
UV-Vis untuk dihitung kadar glukosa dalam darah (Widowati dkk, 1997).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Praktikum ini diawali dengan penyiapan alat-alat dan
bahan-bahan yang akan digunakan. Setelah semua alat dan bahan siap, kemudian
dibuat campuran uji dan standar. Untuk campuran uji terdiri dari 0,10 mL darah
uji dan 1,00 mL </span><span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">asam trikloroasetat 5% (T.C.A 5%), sedangkan untuk
campuran standar terdiri dari 0,10 mL larutan standar dan 1,00 mL asam
trikloroasetat 5% (T.C.A 5%). Penambahan asam trikloroasetat 5% (T.C.A 5%)
bertujuan untuk mengendapkan protein darah sehingga supernatan hanya mengandung
glukosa dan dapat ditetapkan kadar glukosa yang lebih tepat dari suatu larutan.
Kedua campuran kemudian disentrifugasi selama 5 menit untuk memisahkan antara
endapan yang mengandung protein darah dan supernatan yang mengandung glukosa.
Supernatan dari kedua campuran diambil dan masing-masing dimasukkan ke dalam
tabung reaksi untuk digunakan pada campuran selanjutnya. Setelah itu, dibuat
larutan standar yang terdiri dari 0,40 mL supernatan standar dan 2,00 mL reagen
o-toluidin. Dibuat pula larutan uji yang terdiri dari 0,40 mL supernatan uji
dan 2,00 mL reagen o-toluidin serta larutan blanko yang terdiri dari 0,40 mL
aquades dan 2,00 mL reagen o-toluidin. Selanjutnya, ketiga larutan dipanaskan
dengan memasukkan masing-masing tabung reaksi ke dalam penangas air yang telah
berisi air mendidih selama 8 menit. Pemanasan ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan
reaksi konjugasi antara glukosa dengan o-toluidin dalam asetat panas sehingga
membentuk senyawa berwarna biru kehijauan. Berikut adalah reaksi antara
o-toluidin dengan glukosa. </span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><img border="0" height="126" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/User/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image011.jpg" width="603" /></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;">
<span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Setelah terbentuk larutan yang berwarna biru
kehijauan, masing-masing tabung reaksi dimasukkan ke dalam gelas beaker yang
telah berisi air dingin. Pendinginan ini bertujuan untuk menghentikan reaksi konjugasi
antara glukosa dan o-toluidin. Kemudian dilakukan pengukuran absorbansi dari
masing-masing larutan dengan menggunakan alat spektrofotometer UV-Vis dimana
pengukuran terlebih dahulu dilakukan terhadap larutan blanko yang bertujuan
untuk mengkalibrasi alat, kemudian larutan standar dan yang terakhir larutan
uji. Pengukuran absorbansi larutan dilakukan pada panjang gelombang maksimum,
hal ini disebabkan karena </span><span lang="AF" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">pada λ maksimum sensitivitas alat menjadi maksimum sehingga perubahan
absorbsi sampel per satuan konsentrasi adalah yang terbesar. Selain itu, pita
absorbsi di sekitar panjang gelombang rata, sehingga kepekaaan analisis menjadi
lebih baik dan pengaturan ulang panjang gelombang akan menghasilkan kesalahan
analisis yang kecil </span><span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(Gandjar dan
Rohman, 2008). Panjang gelombang maksimum ditandai dengan nilai absorbansi
larutan yang maksimum. Untuk mengetahui panjang gelombang maksimum maka
terlebih dahulu dilakukan pengukuran absorbansi larutan standar pada rentang
panjang gelombang 625-630 nm. Dari hasil pengukuran diketahui bahwa</span><span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> nilai
absorbansi maksimal diperoleh pada panjang gelombang 630 nm, panjang gelombang
ini yang kemudian digunakan untuk untuk mengukur absorbansi sampel berikutnya.
Dari hasil pengukuran didapatkan absorbansi larutan standar adalah </span><span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">0,368 dan absobansi larutan uji adalah 0,242. Untuk
mendapatkan kadar glukosa darah pada sampel dilakukan perhitungan dengan
menggunakan rumus :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">mg% glukosa = </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="AF" style="position: relative; top: 15pt;"><img border="0" height="47" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/User/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image013.gif" width="143" /></span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="AF"></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;">
<span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dari hasil perhitungan diperoleh kadar
glukosa darah sampel sebesar 65,76 mg%. Hasil ini menunjukkan bahwa kadar gula
darah pada sampel berada dalam keadaan normal dimana rentang normal kadar
glukosa darah yaitu 65-115 mg%. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">VII.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kesimpulan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Kadar glukosa
darah yang diuji berada dalam rentang normal (65-115 mg %).</span></div><div class="blogger-post-footer">Terimakasih telah mengunjungi blog ini..
Sangat menerima kritik dan saran untuk kemajuan blog ini..
Silakan meninggalkan komentar di box komentar..</div>thedfreezehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01513202399201124188noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2935197874324929025.post-18677243208084610512012-06-09T15:16:00.000+08:002012-06-09T15:16:20.054+08:00ETNOFARMASI TARU PRAMANA | TANAMAN OBAT | USADA TRADISIONAL<!--[if !mso]>
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<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 21.25pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo29; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Tutuh atau pepeh</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 21.25pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berbentuk cairan sari pati,
pengolahannya: segala ramuan diambil sari patinya, dengan memeras
bahan-bahanya, jika bahan keras digiling. Campur sedikit dengan air,
remas-remas diperas dan disaring. Juga mungkin berupa minyak hasil gorengan
bahan, tergantung petunjuk pengobatan. Cara pemakaiannya: diteteskan pada
telinga atau hidung atau keduanya</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">
(Sutara dan Kriswiyanti,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2007).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 21.25pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo29; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Boreh</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Boreh</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
dapat disamakan dengan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">parem</i>,
berbentuk serbuk halus, dalam penggunaannya dicampur dengan cairan (air, cuka,
arak atau alcohol/ditentukan). Cara membuat adalah bahan-bahan dihaluskan tidak
perlu diperas kemudian dicampur dengan cairannya. Aturan pemakaiannya: selesai
diolah langsung di<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">parem</i>kan pada
anggota badan, tidak dibagian perut. Kadang sebelum digunakan didadah atau dipanaskan
terlebih dahulu</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> (Sutara dan
Kriswiyanti,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2007)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">.</span></div>
<a name='more'></a><br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 21.25pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo29; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Loloh</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 21.25pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Cairan sari pati yang lebih pekat,
cara pengolahannya: kecuali bahan lain terlebih dahulu digiling tidak perlu
sampai halus, diremas-remas kemudian diperas serta disaring. Campur dengan cairan
yang telah ditentukan kemudian ditambahkan sedikit garam, siap diminum tapi
bila perlu diminum hangat harus di<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">dadah</i>
atau <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">sekeb</i>. Cara lain untuk
mengahangatkan adalah bahan yang telah digiling di<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">tim</i> (bungkus dengan daun pisang dan dikukus) terus di<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">tambuh</i>. Pemakaiannya dengan cara diminum</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> (Sutara dan Kriswiyanti,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>2007)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 21.25pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo29; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Uap </span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">atau<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> urap</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 21.25pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bentuk hamp</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">i</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">r sama dengan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">boreh</i>, cara membuat seperti <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">tutuh</i>
dan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">boreh</i>. Aturan pemakaiaan: dengan
menggunakan tangan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">urap</i>kan pada kulit
bagian badan yang dirasa sakit</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">
(Sutara dan Kriswiyanti,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2007)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 21.25pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo29; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Ses</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> atau <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">cairan pembersih luka</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 21.25pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berupa cairan sebagai pencegah
infeksi, cara membuat bahan direbus dalam air kemudian setelah mendidih
didinginkan lebih dulu baru digunakan dengan cara menyiram bagian luka</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> (Sutara dan Kriswiyanti,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>2007).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 21.25pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo29; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Oles</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 21.25pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bentuk dan cara pengolahannya sama
dengan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">urap</i> atau <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">lumur</i>, tapi saat menggunakan dengan memakai alat berupa lidi atau
bulu ayam</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> (Sutara dan
Kriswiyanti,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2007).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 21.25pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo29; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Obat <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">sembur</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 21.25pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bahan ramuan dikunyah setelah lumat
langsung disemburkan pada bagian yang sakit</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> (Sutara dan Kriswiyanti,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>2007).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 21.25pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo29; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Obat <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">tampel</i> atau <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">temp</i></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">el</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> (jika diubun-ubun disebut <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">pupuk</i>)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 21.25pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bentuk dan pengolahan seperti <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">boreh</i> tapi lebih padat dan cara
pemakaian dengan ditempelkan kebagian yang sakit, biasanya dipusat nadi</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> (Sutara dan Kriswiyanti,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>2007)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">.</span></div>
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<span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: relative; z-index: 6;"><span style="height: 41px; left: 0px; left: 591px; position: absolute; top: -74px; width: 26px;"><img height="41" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/User/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="26" /></span></span><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">BAB III</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">PEMBAHASAN</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.1 </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PULE</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Nama tanaman</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">: Pohon</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pule</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Nama ilmiah </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Alstonia scholaris</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;"><img height="245" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/User/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.gif" width="184" /></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Gambar 1. Pohon pule<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Klasifikasi:</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Divisio </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">: Magnoliophyta </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 28.35pt 92.15pt 141.75pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Class </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">: Magnoliopsida</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Ordo </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">: Gentianales </span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Family</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> : Apocynaceae </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 28.35pt 92.15pt 141.75pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Genus</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> : Alstonia </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 28.35pt 92.15pt 141.75pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Spesies <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>: </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Alstonia
scholaris</span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">(Suwandi, 2008)</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 28.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: 28.35pt 92.15pt 99.25pt 170.1pt; text-indent: -10.9pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kandungan
kimia:</span></div>
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<span style="height: 71px; left: 0px; margin-left: 151px; margin-top: 107px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 83px; z-index: 1;"><img height="71" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/User/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image005.gif" width="83" /></span><span style="height: 82px; left: 0px; margin-left: 321px; margin-top: 107px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 120px; z-index: 2;"><img height="82" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/User/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image007.gif" width="120" /></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Alstonia
scholaris</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> mengandung alkaloid yang terdiri dari alstonidine,
alstonine, asam </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">klorogenik</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">,
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">klorogenin</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">, ditain, </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">esitamin</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">, dan </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">esi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">tenin</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Triterpenoid terdiri dari </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">l</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">upeol dan lupeol </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">l</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">inoleat</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">. L</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">oganin dan senyawa lain seperti terpen
da</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">n</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> flavonoid (Jin
Lee, 2011)</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">. Berikut adalah
gambar struktur dari alstonin dan echitamine:</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 28.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 99.25pt 248.1pt 338.25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -10.9pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Alstonin</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Echitamine</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 8;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>(Dey, 2011)</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kegunaan secara empiris dalam usada:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>mengobati luka bakar</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bagian tanaman yang dipakai dalam usada:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pucuk daun</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Cara </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">pengolahan</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">dan pemakaian </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">dalam usada:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Pucuk daun pule ditambahkan
dengan gula dan kelapa kemudian dicampur lalu diulek</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> dan ditempelkan pada luka bakar.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 28.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: 28.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Efek
farmakologi berdasarkan hasil penelitian ilmiah sesuai khasiat usada Taru Premana:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pule </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">memiliki aktivitas</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> anti-inflamasi, dimana
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">aktivitas</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> ini disebabkan dari komponen
utamanya yaitu e</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">sitamin</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
dan loganin bersama senyawa lain seperti flavonoid dan terpen. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Aktivitas </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">anti-inflamasinya yaitu
kemampuan untuk menghambat induksi retinoid yang menyebabkan peradangan pada
kulit manusia, selain itu juga mampu mendorong kemampuan retinoid untuk
mengekspresi protein sehingga meningkatkan kemampuan anti kerut (Lee, 2011). </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Efek
farmakologi berdasaran hasil penelitian ilmiah lain:</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">K</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">uli</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">t</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> pule juga mampu memberikan efek
antibakteri, dimana ekstrak dalam fase air mampu menghambat semua bakteri baik
bateri </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">g</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ram
positif maupun gram negatif, sedangkan fase metanol aktif terhadap bakteri gram
positif tetapi untuk </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">g</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ram
negatif masih tergantung dari dosis yang digunakan (Hussain, 2009).</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">3.2 </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">JERUK</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Nama </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">t</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">anaman <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:
Jeruk</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Nama
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">i</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">lmiah<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Citrus sp.</i></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;"><img alt="images.jpg" height="139" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/User/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image009.jpg" width="206" /></span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Gambar 2. Pohon jeruk</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Klasifikasi:</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Divisi</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Spermatophyta</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Subdivisi</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">:
Angiospermae</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kelas
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Dicotyledoneae</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bangsa
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Geraniales</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Suku<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span> : Rutaceae</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Marga
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Citrus</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jenis
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: <i>Citrus sp</i>.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 5;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(Widyarto,
2009)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kandungan </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">k</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">imia:</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">F</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">lavonoid
(hisperidin), monoterpen (d-Linonen, sabinen,</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">m</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">i</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">r</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">s</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">en,
minyak atsiri, gama terpinen) (Mizrahi, 2004)</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Selain itu </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">jeruk juga </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">mengandung saponin dan
polifenol (</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Hutapea,1993</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">)</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">,</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> glikosida, hidroksinamat, analog
flavon, diosmin (Rather, 2010)</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kegunaan
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">secara empiris </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">dalam </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">u</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">sada:</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengobati <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">sakit tuju</i></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bagian
tanaman yang dipakai</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> dalam usada</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Buah</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Cara pengolahan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> <span lang="IN">dan pemakaian dalam usada</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 28.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 1.5in 2.0in 2.5in 3.0in 234.75pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jeruk dicampur air cuka</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> dan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> temutis tiga iris lalu diulek
kemudian dipakai <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">boreh</i> pada bagian
yang sakit.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Efek
farmakologi berdasarkan hasil penelitian ilmiah sesuai khasiat usada Taru Premana:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hisperidin yang
diisolasi dari kulit buah jeruk berfungsi sebagai antiinflamasi dan analgesik.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Minyak atsirinya berupa minyak jeruk
diteliti sebagai anastesi dan antimikroba</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(Mizrahi,
2004)</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">u</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">sada dijelaskan bahwa jeruk digunakan
sebagai obat sakit tuju, dimana sakit tuju merupakan sakit nyeri pada tulang
atau sejenis rematik. Kandungan hisperidin pada jeruk yang memiliki famakologi
sebagai analgesik dan antiinflamasi. Sehingga sifat analgesiknya dapat
digunakan untuk menghilangkan rasa nyeri pada tulang dan apabila terjadi
peradangan dapat diatasi dengan sifatnya sebagai antiinflamasi. Akan tetapi
penggunaan hisperidin dari jeruk bukan obat utama dalam dunia kefarmasian
sebagai obat<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>rematik. Hal ini sesuai
dengan penggunaannya dalam </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">u</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">sada</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 28.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: 28.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Efek
farmakologi berdasaran hasil penelitian ilmiah lain:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam penelitian pada jurnal “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Screening of Peel Ekstracts As Antioxidant,
Anticancer Agents and Antimikrobials</i></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">”</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">dijelaskan bahwa ekstrak dari kulit
buah jeruk dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai antikanker pada payudara dan sel hati.
Efeknya sebagai antikanker mengingat fungsinya sebagai antioksidan dimana
ekstrak methanol dari kulit buah jeruk sebagai antioksidan dapat menginhibisi
dari radikal yang terdapat dalam sel (Rather, 2010).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">3.3. </span>J</b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">AMBU BIJI</span></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 28.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l32 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: 28.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Nama tanaman<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Jambu Biji</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 28.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l32 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: 28.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Nama ilmiah<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Psidium<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>guajava<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>L</i><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">.</span></div>
<div align="center" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 28.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 127.6pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<a href=""><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="Psidium guajava" border="0" height="120" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/User/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image010.jpg" width="159" /></span></span></b></a><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></b></div>
<div align="center" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 28.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 127.6pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Gambar 3. Jambu biji</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 28.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: 28.35pt 106.35pt 177.2pt; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="IT" style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Klasifikasi:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kingdom <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: Plantae</span><span lang="IT" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 28.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 99.25pt 106.35pt 170.1pt 177.2pt; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Divisi <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">: Magnoliophyta<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 28.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 99.25pt 106.35pt 170.1pt 177.2pt; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kelas <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">: Magnoliopsida</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 28.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 99.25pt 106.35pt 170.1pt 177.2pt; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ordo <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">: </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Myrtales</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 28.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 99.25pt 106.35pt 170.1pt 177.2pt; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Family <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">: </span><a href="http://www.plantamor.com/index.php?plantsearch=Myrtaceae"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Myrtaceae</span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 28.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 99.25pt 106.35pt 170.1pt 177.2pt; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Genus <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: </span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">P</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">sidium</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 28.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 99.25pt 106.35pt 177.2pt 326.05pt; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Species </span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Psidium<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>guajava L</i></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">.</span></i><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(Anggota
IKAPI, 2011)</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 28.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo27; tab-stops: 28.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kandungan
kimia:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Daun, buah
dan kulit batang jambu biji mengandung tanin, sedangkan pada bunganya sedikit
mengandung tanin. Daun jambu biji juga mengandung zat lain minyak atsiri, asam
orsolat, asam psidiolat, asam kratogolat, asam oleanolat, asam guajeverin dan
vitamin (Yuniarti,</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2008)</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 28.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo27; tab-stops: 28.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kegunaan secara
empiris dalam usada:</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ntidiare
dan obat jerawat</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 28.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 127.6pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bagian tanaman
yang dipakai dalam usada:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 28.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 127.6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Daun</span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 28.35pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: 28.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Cara pengolahan dan pemakaian dalam usada:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 28.35pt; tab-stops: 127.6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Untuk mengobati diare, d</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">aun </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">jambu biji</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">diulek ditaruh diatas pusar</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">.
Pucuk </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">jambu biji</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">,
3 <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">ketumbar bolong, asam ireng,</span> <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">kemudian dicampur.</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> Untuk mengobati jerawat, d</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">aun</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> jambu biji</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> muda <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">diulek halus, dipakai bedak pada bekas jerawat</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> dan</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">diamkan hingga kering </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">lalu </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">bilas dengan air hangat. Dilakukan secara rutin.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Efek
farmakologi berdasarkan hasil penelitian ilmiah sesuai khasiat usada Taru Premana:</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jambu biji dapat menghambat pertumbuha </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Shigella
dysenteriae</span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dan </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Escherichia coli</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">yang dapat menyebabkan diare (Adnyana,
2004). Namun, b</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">elum
ditemukan kajian ilmiah mengenai efek jambu sotong dalam mengobati jerawat</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Efek
farmakologi berdasaran hasil penelitian ilmiah lain:</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Flavonoid yang
dikandung jambu biji dapat digunakan sebagai antibakteri (Sanches dkk., 2005). </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Jambu biji<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>juga
dapat digunakan sebagai antioksidan (Rusdiana dkk., 2007)</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">3.4 KECUBUNG</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Nama tanaman </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">:</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kecubung</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 28.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: 28.35pt 120.5pt 127.6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -10.35pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Nama ilmiah </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">: </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Datura metel</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> L.</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;"><img border="0" height="118" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/User/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image012.jpg" width="137" /></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Gambar 4. Kecubung</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Klasifikasi:</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Kingdom<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:
Plantae</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Subkingdom<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:
Viridaeplantae</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Filum<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>:
Tracheophyta</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Subphylum<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:
Euphyllophytina</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Kelas <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>:
Magnoliopsida</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Ordo <span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>:
Solanales</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 28.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 92.15pt 120.5pt 127.6pt 170.1pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -10.35pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Family <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:
Solanaceae</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 28.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 92.15pt 120.5pt 127.6pt 170.1pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -10.35pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Genus <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>:
Datura<span style="color: black;"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 28.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 92.15pt 120.5pt 127.6pt 170.1pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -10.35pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Spesies <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Datura metel</i> L.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>(Bnarathi, et all., 2010)</span><span lang="IN" style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 28.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: 28.35pt 127.6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -10.35pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Kegunaan secara empiris dalam usada:</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Obat <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">kena</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">bebai</i> (pepasangan)</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 28.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: 28.35pt 127.6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -10.35pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Bagian tanaman yang dipakai</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> dalam usada</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Akar dan daun</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 28.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: 28.35pt 127.6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -10.35pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Cara pengolahan</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> dan pemakaian dalam usada</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">: </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">D</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ibuat <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">loloh</i></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> lalu diminum.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 28.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: 28.35pt 127.6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -10.35pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Kandungan
kimia:</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Saponin, flavonoid, tanin,
glikosida, fenol, alkaloid, steroid, terpenoid </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">(</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Akharaiyi, <span style="color: black;">2011)</span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">.</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Efek
farmakologi berdasarkan hasil penelitian ilmiah sesuai khasiat usada Taru Premana:</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Belum ditemukan kajian ilmiah mengenai
efe</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">k kecubung sebagai obat <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">kena bebai</i>.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Efek
farmakologi berdasaran hasil penelitian ilmiah lain:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut
Usada kecubung yang dimanfaatkan khasiatnya sebagai obat <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">kena bebai</i> (pepasangan) dapat dikategorikan ke dalam sistem
pengobatan secara personalitik, yaitu sakit yang timbul akibat dari adanya
intervensi aktif suatu agen (manusia atau supranatural). Sakit <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">kena bebai</i> menimbulkan gejala seperti
teriak-teriak, mengamuk, dan tidak sadarkan diri seperti orang gila. Penderita
berteriak-teriak seolah-olah badannya kepanasan akibat dari ilmu supranatural
yang dibuat untuk membuat penderita merasa sakit. Sakit timbul karena
ketidakseimbangan dari konsep Tri Murti yang terdiri dari Dewa Brahma (panas),
Dewa Wisnu (dingin), dan Dewa Siwa (panas-dingin). Di dalam usada, konsep Tri
Murti memiliki peranan penting terhadap sakit-sehat. Tanaman pengobatan dalam
Usada dapat dibagi menjadi golongan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">anget</i>,
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">tis</i>, dan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">dumelada</i>. Apabila terjadi ketidakseimbangan, sakit panas diobati
dengan tanaman <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">tis</i>, sakit dingin
diobati dengan tanaman <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">anget</i>, dan
sakit panas-dingin diobati dengan tanaman <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">dumelada</i>.
Akar kecubung memiliki sifat <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">dumelada</i>
dan daunnya bersifat <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">tis</i>, sehingga
cocok digunakan. Dengan gejala yang dirasakan selayaknya orang gila, penderita
mengasingkan diri, kotor, tidak terawat, dan bahkan dapat melukai dirinya
seperti menggigit-gigit bagian tubuhnya. Dari hal tersebut dapat digunakan
bagian tanaman akar dan daun dari tanaman kecubung yang berdasarkan penelitian
memiliki aktivitas antibakteri, dimana cara pengolahannya dapat disesuaikan
seperti yang tercantum didalam Usada dengan cara dibuat menjadi <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">loloh </i>dan diminum. </span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">3.5 BENALU JERUK</span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Nama
Tanaman</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">: Benalu Jeruk</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><img align="left" alt="viscum-articulatum-mf-0200.jpg" height="133" hspace="12" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/User/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image014.jpg" width="164" /><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Nama
Ilmiah</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">: </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Viscum articulatum </span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Gambar
5. Benalu Jeruk</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 28.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l33 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 28.35pt 92.15pt 163.05pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -10.35pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Klasifikasi:</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kingdom</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">:
Plantae</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ord</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">o<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">:<span style="background: white;"> </span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="IN" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Santalales</span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="IN" style="background: #F9F9F9; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 28.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 92.15pt 163.05pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -10.35pt;">
<span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="IN" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span></span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Family</span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="IN" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">: </span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="IN" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Viscaceae</span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="IN" style="background: #F9F9F9; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 28.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 92.15pt 163.05pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -10.35pt;">
<span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="IN" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Genus</span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="IN" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">: </span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="IN" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Viscum</span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="IN" style="background: #F9F9F9; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 28.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 92.15pt 163.05pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -10.35pt;">
<span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="IN" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span></span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Spesies</span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="IN" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="background: #F9F9F9; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">: </span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Viscum articulatum</span></i><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">B</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">ü<span style="color: black;">ssing,</span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">2000</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kandungan
Kimia:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Alkaloid, flavonoid, protein,
antraquinon, saponin, tanin, protein, pati, fenol (Najafi, 2010).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kegunaan
secara empiris dalam usada:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk
mengobati penyakit ayan</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bagian
tanaman yang dipakai dalam usada</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Akar</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Cara
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">pengolahan dan pemakaian</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> dalam usada:</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Akar kepasilan jeruk dicampur dengan bawang merah dan adas lalu
diuapkan</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 28.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: 28.35pt 127.6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Efek
farmakologi berdasarkan hasil penelitian ilmiah sesuai khasiat usada Taru
Premana:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 28.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 127.6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Ektrak metanol dari <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Viscum articulatum</i></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> memiliki aktivitas sebagai anti epilepsi,
dimana efek anti epilepsi yang dihasilkan mirip dengan </span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">pentylenetetrazole, yaitu dengan cara menunda
kejang tonik dan kematian (Geetha, 2010).</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 28.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: 28.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Efek
farmakologi berdasaran hasil penelitian ilmiah lain:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Berdasarkan kandungan yang ada<i>, </i></span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Viscum articulatum</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> dapat digunakan untuk
detoksifikasi dan antihipertensi (kandungan alkaloidnya), antifungi (saponin),
antomikroba, dimana mekanismenya dengan cara mengambil protein yang ada dalam
mikroba sehingga mikroba kekurangan nutrisi protein, antiiritasi,
antisecretolitik, antiplogistic, antiparasit (tanin), dan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>inhibisi mikroba yang resistan terhadap
antibiotik (f</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">la</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">vonoid)
(Najafi, 2010).</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">3.6 SILIKAYA JAWA</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Nama
tanaman</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">: Silikaya Jawa</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 28.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l33 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 28.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -10.35pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Nama
ilmiah<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">:
</span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Annona
muricata</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> L</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;"><img alt="Annona muricata" border="0" height="171" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/User/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image016.jpg" width="255" /></span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></i></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 28.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 113.4pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Gambar
6. Silikaya jawa</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Klasifikasi:</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kingdom<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>: Plantae</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 28.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 49.65pt 92.15pt 113.4pt 163.05pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 63.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Divisi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>: Spermatophyta </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 28.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 49.65pt 92.15pt 113.4pt 163.05pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 63.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Class<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>: Dicotyledoneae </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 28.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 49.65pt 92.15pt 113.4pt 163.05pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 63.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Ordo<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>: Ranales</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Family<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>: Annonaceae</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 28.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 49.65pt 92.15pt 113.4pt 163.05pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 63.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Genus<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>: Annona</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 28.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 49.65pt 92.15pt 113.4pt 163.05pt 311.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 63.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Spesies<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>: Annona muricata L.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>(Malau, Ferdinand.H,
2011)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 28.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l33 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 28.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -10.35pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kandungan kimia: </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 28.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 113.4pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dalam daun sirsak ini terdapat
kandungan kimia yang paling banyak antara lain alkaloid (reticulin, coreximine,
coclarine, dan anomurine) dan minyak esensial</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">(β-
caryophyllene, δ-cadine, epi-α-cadinol, dan α-cadinol)</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> (<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Vieira, 2010</span>).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 28.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l33 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 28.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -10.35pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kegunaan </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">secara empiris </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">dala</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">m</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">u</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">sada: </span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk
mengobati sakit <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">embet</i> atau sakit <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">kebebeng</i> (tidak bisa buang air besar dan
buang air kecil</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">)</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 28.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l33 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 28.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -10.35pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bagian tanaman yang dipakai: </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Daun</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 28.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l33 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 28.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -10.35pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Cara </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">p</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">engolah dan penggunaan berdasarkan usada:
</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Daun silikaya
jawa diambil yang muda, kemudian ditambahkan dengan pala (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">jebuggarum</i>, sepet-sepet), <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">temu
tis</i>, kemudian digunakan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sebagai
sembar (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">simbuh</i>).</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 28.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: 28.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Efek
farmakologi berdasarkan hasil penelitian ilmiah sesuai khasiat usada Taru Premana:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Belum ditemukan kajian ilmiah mengenai efe</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">k silikaya jawa sebagai obat
penyakit <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">embet</i> atau <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">kebeben </i>(tidak bisa buang air besar dan
buang air kecil).</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Efek farmakologi berdasaran hasil
penelitian ilmiah lain:</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam jurnal
pene</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">l</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">itan dijelaskan
bahwa daun silikaya jawa ini mempunyai efek farmakologi sebagai antiinflamasi
dan antino</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">s</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">i</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">s</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">epti</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">f</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="background: #FAFCFF; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Antinosiseptif adalah
suatu zat yang mempunyai efek analgesik, menurunkan sensitifitas terhadap
stimulus nyeri.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Hal ini ditunjukan dengan menggunakan
ekstrak metanol, yang kemudian diuji akivitasnya sebagai antiinflamasi dan
antinoni</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">s</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">i</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">s</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">eptik </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">(<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Vieira, 2010</span>).</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">3.7 KEPAH</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Nama
tanaman <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Pohon Kepah</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Nama
ilmiah<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:</span><b><i><span style="font-family: "Times-BoldItalic","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Times-BoldItalic;">
</span></i></b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Sterculia foetida </span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Linn.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;"><img border="0" height="162" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/User/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image018.gif" width="215" /></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Gambar 7. Pohon kepah</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Klasifikasi:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kingdom</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">:
Plantae</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Divisi<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Magnoliophyta </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kelas<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Magnoliopsida<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ordo<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Malvales</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Famili<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:Sterculiaceae</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Genus<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Sterculia</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Spesies<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Sterculia
foetida</i> L.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(Purwati,
2010)</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kandungan kimia: </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Flavonoid</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> <span lang="IN">(Manivannan, 2011).</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kegunaan </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">secara empiris </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">dalam usada: </span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengobati rematik (lumpuh)</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bagian tanaman yang di</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">pakai dalam usada</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">: </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Daun</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Cara pengolahan dan pe</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">makaian dalam usada</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">: </span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Daun pohon kepah<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>ditambahkan
kapur sirih (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">pamor bubuk</i>), dicampur
air jeruk nipis (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">juwuk lengis</i>).</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 28.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo19; tab-stops: 28.35pt 170.1pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -10.35pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Efek farmakologi
berdasarkan hasil penelitian ilmiah sesuai khasiat usada Taru Premana:</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Rematik merupakan suatu
peradangan sendi kronis dengan gejala umum seperti pembengkakan dan nyeri
sendi. Kepah yang dalam usada digunakan untuk mengobati rematik, memiliki
aktivitas sebagai antiinflamasi (antiradang) dan analgesik (antinyeri) dimana
kedua aktivitas ini akan dapat mengobati peradangan sendi yang terjadi serta
meringankan gejala nyeri yang muncul</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> (Manivannan, 2011).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Efek
farmakologi berdasarkan hasil penelitian ilmiah lain</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">:
</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Kepah memiiliki aktivitas antioksidadan, laksatif, astringent, antiulcer,
sakit liver, nausea, dan vertigo (Manivannan, 2011).</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">3.8 AWAR-AWAR</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Nama
tanaman <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Pohon awar – awar<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Nama ilmiah<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:</span><b><i><span style="font-family: "Times-BoldItalic","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Times-BoldItalic;"> </span></i></b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Ficus septica </span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Burm F</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 28.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 28.35pt 170.1pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -10.35pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;"><img border="0" height="108" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/User/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image020.jpg" width="172" /></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Gambar 7. Pohon
awar-awar</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 28.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo34; tab-stops: 28.35pt 78.0pt 92.15pt 148.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.05pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Klasifikasi:</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kingdom<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Plantae</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 78.0pt 92.15pt 148.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 63.8pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Divisi<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Spermatophyta</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 78.0pt 92.15pt 148.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 63.8pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Anak
divisi<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Angiospermae</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kelas<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Dicotyledoneae</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Anak
kelas<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Monochlamydae</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 78.0pt 92.15pt 148.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 63.8pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ordo<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Urticales</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 78.0pt 92.15pt 148.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 63.8pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Famili<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:Moraceae</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 78.0pt 92.15pt 148.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 63.8pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Genus<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Ficus</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 78.0pt 92.15pt 148.85pt 368.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 63.8pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Spesies<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ficus
septica</i> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(Tauhid,
2008)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 28.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo19; tab-stops: 28.35pt 170.1pt 255.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -10.35pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kandungan
kimia: </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Fla</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">vonoid, alkaloid, triterpenoid (Sukadana, 2010).</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kegunaan</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> secara empiris</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> dalam usada:</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>O</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">bat
kolera</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bagian tanaman yang di</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">pakai dalam usada</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">: </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 28.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 170.1pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -10.35pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>S</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">eluruh
bagian tanaman</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 28.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo20; tab-stops: 28.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -10.35pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Cara pengolahan dan pe</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">makaian dalam usada</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 28.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 170.1pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -10.35pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pohon
awar-awar yang telah dibersihkan ditambahkan dengan kelapa bakar, laos bakar,
dan santan kental, lalu diminum.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 28.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: 28.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -10.35pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Efek
farmakologi berdasarkan hasil penelitian ilmiah sesuai khasiat usada Taru Premana:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 28.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Kolera merupakan peenyakit yang disebabkan oleh bakteri. Dari h</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">asil
uji antibakteri </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">diketahui</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
bahwa isolat flavanon dari estrak kulit akar awar – awar mampu menghambat
pertumbuhan bakteri <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Vibrio cholera</i>
dan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Eschericia coli</i> dengan memberikan
diameter zona hambat yang cukup besar untuk masing – masing bakteri uji. Pada
konsentrasi 100 ppm isolat telah mampu menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri dengan
memberikan diameter zona hambat sebesar 6,0 mm untuk bakteri <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">V.cholera </i>dan 8,0 mm untuk <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">E.coli</i> (Sukadana, 2010). </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">3.9 SEMBUNG</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 28.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo20; tab-stops: 28.35pt; text-indent: -10.75pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Nama
tanaman </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">: <span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Sembung</span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 28.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo20; tab-stops: 28.35pt; text-indent: -10.75pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Nama
Ilmiah </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">: Blumea balsamifera</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;"><img alt="sembunglegi" border="0" height="204" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/User/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image022.jpg" width="345" /></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 28.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 106.35pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -10.75pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Gambar 9. Sembung</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Klasifikasi:</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kingdom
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">:
Plantae</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 28.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 92.15pt 155.95pt; text-indent: -10.75pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Superdivisi
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">:
spermatophyte</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Kelas</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">:
Magnoliopsida</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 28.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 92.15pt 155.95pt; text-indent: -10.75pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Subkelas
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">:
Asteridae</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Ordo</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">:
Asterales</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 28.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 92.15pt 155.95pt; text-indent: -10.75pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Famili</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">:
Asteraceae</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Genus
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">:
Blumea<span style="color: black;"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 28.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 92.15pt 155.95pt; text-indent: -10.75pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Spesies</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">: Blumea balsamifera</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>(</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Yuniarti,2008</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 28.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo20; tab-stops: 28.35pt; text-indent: -10.75pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kandungan
kimia:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dihydroquercetin-4¢-methyl ether (1)</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">, d</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ihydroquercetin-7,4¢-dimethyl ether</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">5,7,3’,5’</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tetrahydroxyflavanone</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">, b</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">lumeatin</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">, q</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">uercetin</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">, l</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">uteolin-7-methyl ether</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">,</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">e</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">llipticine</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> (Saewan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">et al</i>,
2011) </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 28.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo20; text-indent: -10.75pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kegunaaan</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> secara empiris</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> d</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">alam</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> usada:</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Obat panas dalam</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 28.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo22; tab-stops: 28.35pt; text-indent: -10.75pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bagian
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">tanaman yang dipakai dalam usada</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 28.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 106.35pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">D</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">aun</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 28.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo20; tab-stops: 28.35pt; text-indent: -10.75pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Cara
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">p</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">engolahan</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> dan pemakaian dalam</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> usada:<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black;"> </span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 28.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 106.35pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Daun sembung, pisang
batu, lunak,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2 iris laos, kemudian
ditumbuk dan airnya disaring</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">. Diminum airnya dalam bentuk jamu (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">loloh</i>).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 28.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo20; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -10.75pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Efek </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">f</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">armakolog</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">i berdasarkan hasil penelitian ilmiah sesuai khasiat usada
Taru Premana</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">:</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Pengobatan panas dalam dapat
dikaitkan dengan antipiretik. Sembung memiliki aktivitas </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">antipiretik
</span><span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">(Bhuiyan </span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">et
al</span></i><span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">. 2009)</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;"> sehingga dapat
dikatakan sembung dapat mengobati panas dalam. Namun, mekanisme sembung sebagai
antipiretik belum diteliti lebih lanjut.</span><span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 28.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo20; tab-stops: 28.35pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -10.35pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Efek
farmakologi berdasarkan hasil penelitian ilmiah lain:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Anti
rematik, anti hipertensi, antifungal</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">
(Norikura <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">et al</i>, 2008)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">,
plasmin inhibitory, mengurangi sakit pada sinusitis, stomachic, carminative,
diaphoretic, expectorant, emmenagogue, antioxidants, dan anti kanker</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> (Saewan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">et al</i>,
2011). </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">3.10 NANAS</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 28.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo20; tab-stops: 28.35pt; text-indent: -7.05pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Nama
tanaman<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">N</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">anas </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 28.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo20; tab-stops: 28.35pt; text-indent: -7.05pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Nama
ilmiah <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: <i>Ananas comosus </i>(L.)
Merr</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 28.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 120.5pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -7.05pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;"><img alt="Untitled.png" border="0" height="136" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/User/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image024.jpg" width="191" /></span></i><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></i></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 28.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 120.5pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -7.05pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Gambar 10. Nanas</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 28.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo20; tab-stops: 28.35pt 85.05pt 148.85pt 155.95pt 191.4pt 207.0pt; text-indent: -7.05pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Klasifikasi:</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Divisio</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
: Spermatophyta</span><span lang="IN" style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 85.05pt 148.85pt; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sub
division</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">: Angiospermae</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 85.05pt 148.85pt; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Classis
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">:
Monocotyledoneae</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 1.0in 85.05pt 148.85pt; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ordo
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">:
Bromeliales</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 85.05pt 148.85pt; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Familia
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">:
Bromeliaceae</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 85.05pt 148.85pt; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Genus</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">:
Ananas</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 85.05pt 148.85pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Spesies
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">:
<i>Ananas comosus</i></span><span lang="IN" style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(wulandari,
2008)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 28.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo23; tab-stops: 28.35pt; text-indent: -7.05pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kandungan
kimia</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">:</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 28.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 157.5pt; text-indent: -7.05pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>B</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">romelain</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(Bhattacharyya, 2007)</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 28.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo23; tab-stops: 28.35pt; text-indent: -7.05pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">K</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">egunaan secara empiris</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">dalam</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> usada:</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>M</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">engobati
sakit kencing nanah</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 28.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo23; tab-stops: 28.35pt; text-indent: -7.05pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bagian
tanaman yang </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">dipakai dalam usada</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 28.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 157.5pt; text-indent: -7.05pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>B</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">uah</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 28.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo23; tab-stops: 28.35pt; text-indent: -7.05pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Cara
pengolahan </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">dan pemakaian dalam</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
usada:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 28.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 157.5pt; text-indent: -7.05pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Buah
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">nenas</span> diparut, diaduk dan
diremas-remas kemudian disaring</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">.
Air hasil saringan kemudian diminum.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 28.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo23; tab-stops: 28.35pt; text-indent: -7.05pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Efek farmakologi berdasarkan hasil penelitian ilmiah
sesuai khasiat usada Taru Premana:</span><span style="font-family: "AGaramond-Regular","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: AGaramond-Regular; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 28.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.05pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kencing
nanah (gonorrhea) merupakan infeksi saluran kencing yang disebabkan oleh
infeksi dari bakteri </span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">Neisseria gonorrhoeae </span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">(<i>N. gonorrhoeae</i>).
Dalam jangka waktu panjang infeksi ini jika tidak diobati dapat menyebabkan
infeksi sekunder lainny<span style="color: black;">a, salah satunya pada wanita
yaitu<i> pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)</i> (</span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">Tim Penyusun</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">, 2008).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">
Peradangan pada pelvic dapat diobati dengan adanya </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">a</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">ktivitas
anti-inflamasi dari bromelain. </span><span style="font-family: "AGaramond-Regular","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: AGaramond-Regular; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 28.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.05pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">Pengobatan infeksi <i>N. gono<span style="color: black;">rrhoeae </span></i><span style="color: black;">secara klinik
dilakukan dengan</span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"> cara</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"> pemberian antibiotik. Pemberian bersamaan antibioti</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">k</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"> dan bromelain dapat memberikan
peningkatan efek terapetik dari antibioti</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">k</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">. Dari hasil penelitian penggunaan antibioti</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">k</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"> bersamaan dengan bromelain menunjukkan
meningkatkan kadar antibioti</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">k</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"> dalam darah dan urin</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> (Bhattacharyya, 2007).</span><span style="color: #292526; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 28.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo23; tab-stops: 28.35pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -10.35pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Efek
farmakologi berdasarkan hasil penelitian ilmiah lain:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 28.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 56.7pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -7.05pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>B</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">romelain
memiliki aktivitas sebagai anti-inflamasi, anti-tumor, menghambat pembentukan
thrombus, potensiasi antibiotik (Tochi, 2008).</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">3.11 KELOR</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Nama
tanaman</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kelor</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo23; tab-stops: 35.45pt 120.5pt 171.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Nama
ilmiah <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Moringa oleifera</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;"><img alt="Kelor" border="0" height="275" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/User/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image026.jpg" width="413" /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gambar</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> 11.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Kelor</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 2.25in 171.0pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -7.65pt;">
<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Klasifikas</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">i: </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kingdom</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">:</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Plantae</span></div>
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<strong><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></strong><strong><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Divisi<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></strong><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">:
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Magnoliophyta</span></div>
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<strong><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></strong><strong><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Kelas<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></strong><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">:
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Magnoliopsida</span></div>
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<strong><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></strong><strong><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Bangsa <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></strong><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">:
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Brassicales</span></div>
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<strong><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></strong><strong><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Suku<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></strong><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">:
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Moringaceae</span></div>
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<strong><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></strong><strong><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Marga<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></strong><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">:
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Moringa<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
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<strong><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></strong><strong><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Jenis<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></strong><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">:
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><em>Moringa oleifera</em><em><span style="font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></em></span><em><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-style: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></em><strong><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">(Kasolo, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">et al</i>., 2011)</span></strong><em><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-style: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"></span></em></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l29 level1 lfo28; tab-stops: 35.45pt 166.5pt 171.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.65pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kandungan
kimia tanaman:<span style="color: black;"></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Famili
Moringaceae kaya akan kandungan gula sederhana, rhamnosa, dan komponen unik
yang disebut<span style="color: black;"> glukosinolat dan isotiosianat. Preparat
Moringa dilaporkan mengandung komponen spesifik dengan aktivitas hipotensif,
antikanker, dan antibakteri yaitu 4-(4'-O-acetyl-α-L-rhamnopyranosyloxy)benzyl
isothiocy-anate, 4-(α-L-rhamnopyranosyloxy)</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">benzyl isothiocy-anate,
niazimicin, pterygospermin, benzyl isothiocyanate, and
4-(α-L-rhamnopyranosyloxy)</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">benzyl glucosinolate. Selain itu, family Moringaceae juga kaya
akan vitamin dan mineral, terutama carotenoids (termasuk β-carotene atau
pro-vitamin A) (Fahey, 2005). Daun dan polong dari Moringa oleifera mengandung
4-Hydroxymellein, β-sitosterol dan vanillin (Rakesh dan Singh, 2011).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kegunaan
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">secara empiris </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">menurut usada:</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">M</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">engobati sakit mata</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l29 level1 lfo28; tab-stops: 35.45pt 171.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bagian
tanaman yang dipakai</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> dalam usada:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">D</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">aun</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l29 level1 lfo28; tab-stops: 35.45pt 171.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.65pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Cara
pengolahan </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">dan pemakaian </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">menurut
usada: </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Daun
kelor dicampur dengan jeruk nipis (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">juwuk
lengis</i>), ditambah sedikit garam <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ireng</i>
(<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">uyah</i></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">areng</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">),
kemudian disaring dan diendapkan</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">
lalu diteteskan pada mata.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l29 level1 lfo28; tab-stops: 35.45pt 166.5pt 171.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Efek farmakologi berdasarkan hasil penelitian
ilmiah sesuai khasiat usada Taru Premana</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">:</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Sakit mata dapat disebabkan oleh virus atau mikroba. </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">M.</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">oleifera</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> memiliki aktivitas antibakteri terhadap <i>S. aureus, K.
pneumoniae, E. coli </i>dan <i>P.aeruginosa</i></span><i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span></i><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">dan<i> </i></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">aktivitas antiviral terutama pada virus Herpes Simplex tipe 1</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">, dimana mekanisme antiviralnya adalah </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">dengan menghambat strain <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">thymidine
kinase-deficient</i> dan</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">phosphonoacetateresistant </span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">dari virus
HSV-1 (Hafidh, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">et al</i>. 2009)</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">. Namun, b</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">elum ditemukan kajian ilmiah mengenai efe</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">k kelor untuk
mengobati virus atau mikroba yang dapat menyebabkan sakit mata</span><span lang="IN" style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Efek farmakologi berdasarkan
hasil penelitian ilmiah lain:</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">D</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">aun dan
polong <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Moringa oleifera</i></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span></i><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">memiliki aktivitas antiinlamasi, dimana </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">mekanisme
utama</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">nya</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
adalah menghambat pelepasan substansi seperti prostaglandin. Aktivitas
antiinflamasi dari <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Moringa oleifera</i>
kemungkinan disebabkan oleh adanya 4-Hydroxymellein, β-sitosterol dan vanillin
pada ekstrak daun dan polong. Dengan demikian, ekstrak daun dan polong <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Moringa oleifera</i> dapat menjadi obat baru
dalam mengatasi inflamasi atau peradangan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> <span lang="IN">(Rakesh dan Singh, 2011).<span style="color: black;"></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penelitian
lain juga menyatakan ekstrak etanol biji dan daun <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Moringa oleifera </i>menunjukkan aktivitas anti-fungal (anti jamur)
secara <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">in vitro</i> terhadap spesies
Dermatophyta seperti <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Trichophyton rubrum</i>,
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Trichophyton mentagrophytes,</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Epidermophyton Xoccosum, </i>dan<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> Microsporum canis</i>.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> <span lang="IN">Mekanisme adalah peptida anti mikroba yang
terdapat dalam </span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Moringa
oleifera</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> berinteraksi dengan membran lipid bilayer mengakibatkan
pemisahan dari dua membran (membran luar dan dalam), sehingga air dapat masuk
ke dalam sel yang menyebabkan sel bakteri mengembang dan mati</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(Chuang, et al. 2007)</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">. D</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">estilat batang <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">M.</i></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">oleifera</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
dapat digunakan pada infeksi oleh beberapa spesies jamur seperti <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Aspergillus</i> dan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Mucor </i>(Kekuda, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">et al</i>.
2010)</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Efek
farmakologi lain yang diuraikan di atas seperti antifungal atau antijamur,
antibakteri, dan antiviral dapat membantu terapi pada inflamasi (peradangan)
dengan menggunakan tanaman <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">M. oleifera. </i>Inflamasi
atau peradangan dapat disebabkan oleh infeksi mikroorganisme patogen seperti
fungi, bakteri, dan virus sehingga dengan adanya efek antifungi, antibakteri
dan antiviral pada <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">M. oleifera</i> akan
mendukung efek antiinflamasi yang dimilikinya.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">3.12 MANGGIS</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Nama
tanaman</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">:</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> Manggis</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo23; tab-stops: 35.45pt 120.5pt 2.25in 171.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Nama
ilmiah <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: <i><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Garcinia mangostana </span></i><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">L.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;"><img border="0" height="143" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/User/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image028.jpg" width="197" /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gambar</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> 12.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Manggis </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo31; tab-stops: 35.45pt 155.95pt; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Klasifikasi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> <span lang="IN">:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kingdom
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">:
Plantae</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Divisi
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">:
Spermatophyta</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Subdivisi
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">:
Angiospermae</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kelas</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
: Dicotyledoneae</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ordo</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
: Guttiferanales</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Famili</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
: Guttiferae<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Genus
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">: Garcinea</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 35.45pt 155.95pt 347.3pt; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 63.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Spesies</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
: <i>Garcinia mangostana </i>L </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(Rukmana,
1995).<em><span style="font-style: normal;"></span></em></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kandungan kimia tanaman:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengandung
kaya senyawa golongan xanton, alfa-mangostin, gamma-mangostin dan garsinon-E</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(Nugroho,</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2011)</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kegunaan
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">secara empiris </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">menurut usada:</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">M</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">engobati sakit </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">bibir.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l29 level1 lfo28; tab-stops: 35.45pt 171.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bagian
tanaman yang dipakai</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> dalam usada:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Kulit buah.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l29 level1 lfo28; tab-stops: 35.45pt 171.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.65pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Cara
pengolahan </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">dan pemakaian </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">menurut
usada: </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kulit
buah diisi dengan kotoran burung sugem,merica 25 biji, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">wangen</i>, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">kakapan </i>(daun
sirih yang tua) 20 lembar lalu <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">diuleg</i>.
</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l29 level1 lfo28; tab-stops: 35.45pt 166.5pt 171.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Efek farmakologi berdasarkan hasil penelitian
ilmiah sesuai khasiat usada Taru Premana</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">:</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="height: 30px; left: 0px; margin-left: 291px; margin-top: 147px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 23px; z-index: 5;"><img height="30" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/User/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image029.gif" width="23" /></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Penyakit bibir dapat disebabkan karena iritasi, kekeringan, dan infeksi
mikroorganisme. Dari hasil penelitian, kandungan </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">alfa
mangostin, gamma-mangostin dan garsinon B juga menunjukkan aktivitas</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> anti</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> bakteri </span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">terhadap </span><i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mycobacterium
tuberculosis</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">. Selain itu alfa mangostin
aktif </span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">menghambat</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> bakteri Enterococci dan <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i></span><i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(Nugroho,</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2011).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> <span lang="IN" style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Namun,<i> </i></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">b</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">elum ditemukan kajian ilmiah mengenai
efe</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">k kulit manggis untuk mengobati mikroorganisme pada sakit bibir dan sakit
bibir lainnya seperti kekeringan dan iritasi.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l29 level1 lfo28; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Efek farmakologi berdasarkan
hasil penelitian ilmiah lain:</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Kulit manggis memiliki afek antihistamin dimana d</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ari
penelitian diketahui bahwa kulit manggis mengandung senyawa alfa mangostin yang
merupakan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">antagonis spesifik bagi
reseptor histamin H1. Dari analisa kinetika ikatan [3H]mepiramin
mengindikasikan bahwa alfa mangostin menghambat secara kompetitif. Alfa mangostin
dikategorikan sebagai pengeblok reseptor histaminergik khususnya H1. Selain itu
juga terdapat gamma mangostin sebagai pengeblok reseptor serotonergik khususnya
5 hidroksitriptamin 2A atau 5HT2A</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(Nugroho,</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2011).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">penelitian lain juga diketahui bahwa
gamma mangostin mempunyai aktivitas anti-inflamasi dengan menghambat aktivitas
siklooksigenase (COX). Gamma mangostin secara langsung menghambat aktivitas
enzim Ikappa B kinase, untuk kemudian mencegah proses transkripsi gen COX-2
(gen target NFkappaB) serta menurunkan produksi PGE2 dalam proses inflamasi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(Nugroho,</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2011).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Terdapat pula
penelitian yang menunjukkan bahwa semua ekstrak kulit manggis mempunyai potensi
sebagai penangkal radikal bebas, dan ekstrak air dan etanol mempunyai potensi
lebih besar. Berkaitan dengan aktivitas antioksidan tersebut, kedua ekstrak
tersebut juga mampu menunjukkan aktivitas neuroprotektif pada sel NG108-15.
Dari hasil penelitian lain didapatkan senyawa – senyawa dalamkulit manggis yang
menunjukkan aktivitas poten adalah : 8-hidroksikudraxanton, gartanin,
alpha-mangostin, gamma-mangostin dan smeathxanton A</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(Nugroho,</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2011).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="height: 30px; left: 0px; margin-left: 289px; margin-top: 252px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 22px; z-index: 4;"><img height="30" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/User/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image030.gif" width="22" /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Terdapat beberapa
penelitian yang menguji tentang efektivitas kulit manggis sebagai antikanker.
Kandungan senyawa xanton dalam</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">kulit
manggis yaitu garsinon E menunjukkan sitotoksisitas paling poten pada sel line
kanker hati. Selain itu ekstrak metanol kulit buah manggis juga<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>menunjukkan aktivitas sangat poten dalam
menghambat proliferasi sel kanker payudara SKBR3, dan menunjukkan aktivitas
apoptosis. Terdapat pula penelitian yang menunjukkan aktifitas anti –
proliferasi dan apoptosis, dimana berbeda dari sebelumnya, yang menunjukkan
aktivitas terpoten adalah alfa – mangostin, dibandingkan senyawa xanton
lainnya. Penelitianlain menunjukkan bahwa target aksi alfa-mangostin adalah
mitokondria pada fase awal sehingga menghasilkan apoptosis pada sel line
leukimia manusia. Dari studi hubungan struktur aktivitas, gugus hidroksi
mempunyai kontribusi besar terhadap aktivitas apoptosis tersebut</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(Nugroho,</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2011).</span></div><div class="blogger-post-footer">Terimakasih telah mengunjungi blog ini..
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